Ms. Lynda J. Kramer Profile

Lynda J. Kramer

Aerospace Engineer at NASA Langley Research Ctr

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Author

Publications (21)

Proceedings Article | 13 May 2016 Paper

Assessing impact of dual sensor enhanced flight vision systems on departure performance

Lynda Kramer, Timothy Etherington, Kurt Severance, Randall Bailey

Proceedings Volume 9839, 98390C (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2222081

KEYWORDS: Enhanced vision, Heads up displays, Visualization, Sensors, Visibility, Image sensors, Light sources and illumination, Fourier transforms, Forward looking infrared, Phase modulation

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Proceedings Article | 19 June 2014 Paper

Visual advantage of enhanced flight vision system during NextGen flight test evaluation

Lynda Kramer, Stephanie Harrison, Randall Bailey, Kevin Shelton, Kyle Ellis

Proceedings Volume 9087, 90870G (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2045087

KEYWORDS: Fourier transforms, Visualization, Visibility, Fiber optic gyroscopes, Visibility through fog, Heads up displays, Cameras, Enhanced vision, Visible radiation, Video

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Proceedings Article | 19 June 2014 Paper

External Vision Systems (XVS) proof-of-concept flight test evaluation

Kevin Shelton, Steven Williams, Lynda Kramer, Jarvis Arthur, Lawrence Prinzel, Randall Bailey

Proceedings Volume 9087, 90870F (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2048395

KEYWORDS: Cameras, Visualization, Fourier transforms, Safety, Air contamination, LCDs, Sensors, Visibility, Heads up displays, Statistical analysis

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Proceedings Article | 16 May 2013 Paper

Enhanced vision flight deck technology for commercial aircraft low-visibility surface operations

Jarvis Arthur, R. Norman, Lynda Kramer, Lawerence Prinzel, Kyle Ellis, Stephanie Harrison, J. Comstock

Proceedings Volume 8737, 873707 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2016386

KEYWORDS: Heads up displays, Phase modulation, Visualization, Enhanced vision, Visibility, Forward looking infrared, Fourier transforms, Sensors, Safety, Control systems

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Proceedings Article | 1 June 2011 Paper

Enhanced and synthetic vision for terminal maneuvering area NextGen operations

Lynda Kramer, Randall Bailey, Kyle K. Ellis, R. Michael Norman, Steven Williams, Jarvis Arthur, Kevin Shelton, Lawrence Prinzel

Proceedings Volume 8042, 80420T (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.885902

KEYWORDS: Fourier transforms, Heads up displays, Visibility, Visualization, Enhanced vision, Synthetic vision, Forward looking infrared, Databases, Light sources and illumination, Safety

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Proceedings Article | 5 May 2010 Paper

Part-task simulation of synthetic and enhanced vision concepts for lunar landing

Jarvis Arthur, Randall Bailey, E. Bruce Jackson, James Barnes, Steven Williams, Lynda Kramer

Proceedings Volume 7689, 768904 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.852917

KEYWORDS: Heads up displays, Fourier transforms, Space operations, Forward looking infrared, Cameras, Visibility, Visualization, Head, Enhanced vision, Neodymium

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Proceedings Article | 23 April 2010 Paper

Enhanced vision for all-weather operations under NextGen

Randall Bailey, Lynda Kramer, Steven Williams

Proceedings Volume 7689, 768903 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.852667

KEYWORDS: Heads up displays, Fourier transforms, Visualization, Visibility, Enhanced vision, Copper, Safety, Standards development, Synthetic vision, Analytical research

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Proceedings Article | 1 May 2009 Paper

Simulation evaluation of equivalent vision technologies for aerospace operations

Lynda Kramer, Steven Williams, Susan Wilz, Jarvis (Trey) Arthur

Proceedings Volume 7328, 732803 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.815482

KEYWORDS: Heads up displays, Visualization, Visibility, Fourier transforms, Collimation, Safety, LCDs, Light sources and illumination, Aerospace engineering, Control systems

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A fixed-based simulation experiment was conducted in NASA Langley Research Center's Integration Flight Deck simulator to investigate enabling technologies for equivalent visual operations (EVO) in the emerging Next Generation Air Transportation System operating environment. EVO implies the capability to achieve or even improve on the safety of current-day Visual Flight Rules (VFR) operations, maintain the operational tempos of VFR, and perhaps even retain VFR procedures-all independent of the actual weather and visibility conditions. Twenty-four air transport-rated pilots evaluated the use of Synthetic/Enhanced Vision Systems (S/EVS) and eXternal Vision Systems (XVS) technologies as enabling technologies for future all-weather operations. The experimental objectives were to determine the feasibility of XVS/SVS/EVS to provide for all weather (visibility) landing capability without the need (or ability) for a visual approach segment and to determine the interaction of XVS/EVS and peripheral vision cues for terminal area and surface operations. Another key element of the testing investigated the pilot's awareness and reaction to non-normal events (i.e., failure conditions) that were unexpectedly introduced into the experiment. These non-normal runs served as critical determinants in the underlying safety of all-weather operations. Experimental data from this test are cast into performance-based approach and landing standards which might establish a basis for future all-weather landing operations. Glideslope tracking performance appears to have improved with the elimination of the approach visual segment. This improvement can most likely be attributed to the fact that the pilots didn't have to simultaneously perform glideslope corrections and find required visual landing references in order to continue a landing. Lateral tracking performance was excellent regardless of the display concept being evaluated or whether or not there were peripheral cues in the side window. Although workload ratings were significantly less when peripheral cues were present compared to when there were none, these differences appear to be operationally inconsequential. Larger display concepts tested in this experiment showed significant situation awareness (SA) improvements and workload reductions compared to smaller display concepts. With a fixed display size, a color display was more influential in SA and workload ratings than a collimated display.

Proceedings Article | 15 April 2008 Paper

Simulation evaluation of synthetic vision as an enabling technology for equivalent visual operations

Lynda Kramer, Steven Williams, Randall Bailey

Proceedings Volume 6957, 69570K (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.772775

KEYWORDS: Fourier transforms, Heads up displays, Light sources and illumination, Visualization, Visibility, Synthetic vision, Safety, Enhanced vision, Device simulation, Global Positioning System

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Enhanced Vision (EV) and synthetic vision (SV) systems may serve as enabling technologies to meet the challenges of the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) Equivalent Visual Operations (EVO) concept - that is, the ability to achieve or even improve on the safety of Visual Flight Rules (VFR) operations, maintain the operational tempos of VFR, and even, perhaps, retain VFR procedures independent of actual weather and visibility conditions. One significant challenge lies in the definition of required equipage on the aircraft and on the airport to enable the EVO concept objective. A piloted simulation experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of the presence or absence of Synthetic Vision, the location of this information during an instrument approach (i.e., on a Head-Up or Head-Down Primary Flight Display), and the type of airport lighting information on landing minima. The quantitative data from this experiment were analyzed to begin the definition of performance-based criteria for all-weather approach and landing operations. Objective results from the present study showed that better approach performance was attainable with the head-up display (HUD) compared to the head-down display (HDD). A slight performance improvement in HDD performance was shown when SV was added, as the pilots descended below 200 ft to a 100 ft decision altitude, but this performance was not tested for statistical significance (nor was it expected to be statistically significant). The touchdown data showed that regardless of the display concept flown (SV HUD, Baseline HUD, SV HDD, Baseline HDD) a majority of the runs were within the performance-based defined approach and landing criteria in all the visibility levels, approach lighting systems, and decision altitudes tested. For this visual flight maneuver, RVR appeared to be the most significant influence in touchdown performance. The approach lighting system clearly impacted the pilot's ability to descend to 100 ft height above touchdown based on existing Federal Aviation Regulation (FAR) 91.175 using a 200 ft decision height, but did not appear to influence touchdown performance or approach path maintenance.

Proceedings Article | 1 May 2007 Paper

Evaluation of head-worn display concepts for commercial aircraft taxi operations

Randall Bailey, J. Arthur, Lance Prinzel, Lynda Kramer

Proceedings Volume 6557, 65570Y (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.717221

KEYWORDS: Heads up displays, Head, Safety, Visualization, Enhanced vision, Visibility, Navigation systems, Head-mounted displays, Telecommunications, Eye

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Proceedings Article | 30 April 2007 Paper

Design and testing of an unlimited field-of-regard synthetic vision head-worn display for commercial aircraft surface operations

J. Arthur, Lawrence Prinzel, Kevin Shelton, Lynda Kramer, Steven Williams, Randall Bailey, Robert Norman

Proceedings Volume 6559, 65590E (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.719695

KEYWORDS: Heads up displays, Safety, Head, Synthetic vision, Visibility, Enhanced vision, Situational awareness sensors, Eye, Cockpit displays, Control systems

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Experiments and flight tests have shown that a Head-Up Display (HUD) and a head-down, electronic moving map (EMM) can be enhanced with Synthetic Vision for airport surface operations. While great success in ground operations was demonstrated with a HUD, the research noted that two major HUD limitations during ground operations were their monochrome form and limited, fixed field of regard. A potential solution to these limitations found with HUDs may be emerging Head Worn Displays (HWDs). HWDs are small, lightweight full color display devices that may be worn without significant encumbrance to the user. By coupling the HWD with a head tracker, unlimited field-of-regard may be realized for commercial aviation applications. In the proposed paper, the results of two ground simulation experiments conducted at NASA Langley are summarized. The experiments evaluated the efficacy of head-worn display applications of Synthetic Vision and Enhanced Vision technology to enhance transport aircraft surface operations. The two studies tested a combined six display concepts: (1) paper charts with existing cockpit displays, (2) baseline consisting of existing cockpit displays including a Class III electronic flight bag display of the airport surface; (3) an advanced baseline that also included displayed traffic and routing information, (4) a modified version of a HUD and EMM display demonstrated in previous research; (5) an unlimited field-of-regard, full color, head-tracked HWD with a conformal 3-D synthetic vision surface view; and (6) a fully integrated HWD concept. The fully integrated HWD concept is a head-tracked, color, unlimited field-of-regard concept that provides a 3-D conformal synthetic view of the airport surface integrated with advanced taxi route clearance, taxi precision guidance, and data-link capability. The results of the experiments showed that the fully integrated HWD provided greater path performance compared to using paper charts alone. Further, when comparing the HWD with the HUD concept, there were no differences in path performance. In addition, the HWD and HUD concepts were rated via paired-comparisons the same in terms of situational awareness and workload. However, there were over twice as many taxi incursion events with the HUD than the HWD.

Proceedings Article | 27 April 2007 Paper

Synthetic vision systems: operational considerations simulation experiment

Lynda Kramer, Steven Williams, Randall Bailey, Louis Glaab

Proceedings Volume 6559, 655903 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.717684

KEYWORDS: Heads up displays, Fourier transforms, Light sources and illumination, Synthetic vision, Visualization, Visibility, Navigation systems, Databases, LCDs, Safety

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Proceedings Article | 22 May 2006 Paper

Synthetic vision enhanced surface operations and flight procedures rehearsal tool

Jarvis Arthur, Lawrence Prinzel, Steven Williams, Lynda Kramer

Proceedings Volume 6226, 62260I (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.666636

KEYWORDS: Heads up displays, 3D displays, Synthetic vision, Visibility, Safety, Head, Enhanced vision, Visualization, Data communications, Interfaces

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Proceedings Article | 20 May 2006 Paper

Crew and display concepts evaluation for synthetic/enhanced vision systems

Randall Bailey, Lynda Kramer, Lawrence Prinzel

Proceedings Volume 6226, 62260G (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.666711

KEYWORDS: Heads up displays, Visualization, Forward looking infrared, Fourier transforms, Control systems, Enhanced vision, Raster graphics, Image fusion, Error analysis, Synthetic vision

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Proceedings Article | 25 May 2005 Paper

Flight test comparison between enhanced vision (FLIR) and synthetic vision systems

Jarvis Arthur, Lynda Kramer, Randall Bailey

Proceedings Volume 5802, (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.604363

KEYWORDS: Heads up displays, Forward looking infrared, Synthetic vision, Databases, Enhanced vision, Raster graphics, Sensors, Visibility, Error analysis, Situational awareness sensors

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Proceedings Article | 25 May 2005 Paper

Development and evaluation of 2D and 3D exocentric synthetic vision navigation display concepts for commercial aircraft

Lawrence Prinzel, Lynda Kramer, Jarvis Arthur, Randall Bailey, Jason Sweeters

Proceedings Volume 5802, (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.602931

KEYWORDS: Neodymium, Synthetic vision, 3D displays, 3D vision, Navigation systems, Databases, Visualization, Heads up displays, Enhanced vision, Visibility

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Proceedings Article | 25 May 2005 Paper

Flight testing an integrated synthetic vision system

Lynda Kramer, Jarvis Arthur, Randall Bailey, Lawrence Prinzel

Proceedings Volume 5802, (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.601757

KEYWORDS: Heads up displays, Databases, Synthetic vision, Radar, Forward looking infrared, Sensors, Visibility, Neodymium, Enhanced vision, Safety

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Proceedings Article | 8 September 2004 Paper

Flight simulator evaluation of display media devices for synthetic vision concepts

Jarvis Arthur, Steven Williams, Lawrence Prinzel, Lynda Kramer, Randall Bailey

Proceedings Volume 5442, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.541387

KEYWORDS: Heads up displays, Head-mounted displays, Head, Visualization, Synthetic vision, Error analysis, Safety, Databases, Enhanced vision, Photography

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Proceedings Article | 11 August 2004 Paper

Pathway concepts experiment for head-down synthetic vision displays

Lawrence Prinzel, Jarvis Arthur III, Lynda Kramer, Randall Bailey

Proceedings Volume 5424, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.545580

KEYWORDS: Synthetic vision, Safety, Heads up displays, Visibility, Visualization, Navigation systems, Visibility through fog, Human-machine interfaces, Imaging systems, Error analysis

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Proceedings Article | 11 August 2004 Paper

Pathway design effects on synthetic vision head-up displays

Lynda Kramer, Lawrence Prinzel, Jarvis Arthur, Randall Bailey

Proceedings Volume 5424, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.543937

KEYWORDS: Heads up displays, Synthetic vision, Error analysis, Navigation systems, Visibility, Visualization, Safety, Raster graphics, Control systems, LCDs

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Proceedings Article | 23 September 2003 Paper

CFIT prevention using synthetic vision

Jarvis Arthur, Lawrence Prinzel, Lynda Kramer, Randall Bailey, Russell Parrish

Proceedings Volume 5081, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.487291

KEYWORDS: Heads up displays, Neodymium, Synthetic vision, Error analysis, Databases, Fourier transforms, Statistical analysis, Navigation systems, Visualization, Device simulation

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Showing 5 of 21 publications

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