Mr. Mahdi Aminian Profile

Mahdi Aminian

at Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne

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Proceedings Article | 15 May 2014 Paper

A 270×1 Ge-on-Si photodetector array for sensitive infrared imaging

A. Sammak, M. Aminian, L. Qi, E. Charbon, Lis Nanver

Proceedings Volume 9141, 914104 (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2051993

KEYWORDS: Germanium, Silicon, Near infrared, Photodetectors, Silica, Chemical vapor deposition, Gallium, Metals, Photodiodes, Semiconducting wafers

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A CMOS compatible Ge photodetector (Ge-PD) fabricated on Si substrates has been shown to be suitable for near infrared (NIR) sensing; linear and avalanche detection, in both proportional and Geiger modes have been demonstrated, for photon counting at room temperature [1]. This paper focuses on implementations of the technology for the fabrication of imaging arrays of such detectors with high reproducibility and yield. The process involves selective chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of a ~ 1-μm-thick n-type Ge crystal on a Si substrate at 700°C, followed by deposition of a nm-thin Ga and B layer-stack (so-called PureGaB), all in the same deposition cycle. The PureGaB layer fulfills two functions; firstly, the Ga forms an ultrashallow p⁺n junction on the surface of Ge islands that allows highly sensitive NIR photodiode detection in the Ge itself; secondly, the B-layer forms a barrier that protects the Ge/Ga layers against oxidation when exposed to air and against spiking during metallization. A design for patterning the surrounding oxide is developed to ensure a uniform selective growth of the Ge crystalline islands so that the wafer surface remains flat over the whole array and any Ge nucleation on SiO2 surface is avoided. This design can deliver pixel sizes up to 30×30 μm2 with a Ge fill factor of up to 95 %. An Al metallization is used to contact each of the photodiodes to metal pads located outside the array area. A new process module has been developed for removing the Al metal on the Ge-islands to create an oxide-covered PureGaB-only front-entrance window without damaging the ultrashallow junction; thus the sensitivity to front-side illumination is maximized, especially at short wavelengths. The electrical I-V characteristics of each photodetector pixel are, to our knowledge, the best reported in literature with ideality factors of ~1.05 with I_on/I_off ratios of 10⁸. The uniformity is good and the yield is close to 100% over the whole array.

Proceedings Article | 22 May 2012 Paper

A Ge-on-Si single-photon avalanche diode operating in Geiger mode at infrared wavelengths

Mahdi Aminian, Amir Sammak, Lin Qi, Lis Nanver, Edoardo Charbon

Proceedings Volume 8375, 83750Q (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.920561

KEYWORDS: Germanium, Avalanche photodetectors, Silicon, Photodiodes, Diodes, Infrared radiation, Avalanche photodiodes, Doping, Chemical vapor deposition, Picosecond phenomena

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The Ge APD detectors are fabricated on Si by using a selective chemical-vapor deposition (CVD) epitaxial growth technique. A novel processing procedure was developed for the p⁺ Ge surface doping by a sequence of pure-Ga and pure-B depositions (PureGaB). Then, PVD Al is used to contact the n-type Si and the anode of p⁺n Ge diode. Arrays of diodes with different areas, as large as 40×40 μm², were fabricated. The resulting p⁺n diodes have exceptionally good IV characteristics with ideality factor of ~1.1 and low saturation currents. The devices can be fabricated with a range of breakdown voltages from a minimum of 9 V to a maximum of 13 V. They can be operated both in proportional and in Geiger mode, and exhibit relatively low dark counts, as low as 10 kHz at 1 V excess reverse bias. The dark current at 1 V reverse bias are as low as 2 pA and 20 pA for a 2×2 μm² and 2×20 μm² devices, respectively. Higher IR-induced current than that induced by visible light confirms the sensitivity of Ge photodiodes at room temperature. The 25% peak in I_d/I_ref at an IR-wavelength of 1100 nm in Geiger mode is measured for excess bias voltages of 3 V and 4 V, where I_d refers to the photocurrent of the 2×20 μm² device at different wavelengths, and I_ref is the reference photodiode current. The timing response (Jitter) for the APD when exposed to a pulsed laser at 637 nm and 1 V excess bias is measured as 900 ps at full width of half maximum (FWHM).

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