Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) probes nanoscale features in reciprocal space. Apart from statistical information of size and shape in the probed volume, the orientation of anisotropic nanostructures can be directly obtained from the anisotropy of the scattering patterns. By using a focused X-ray beam and raster-scanning a sample through the beam, images can be created with a real-space resolution defined by beam- and stepsize while each pixel contains information from the nanostructure in reciprocal space. For an extension of the technique to computed tomography, new reconstruction algorithms as well as experimental schemes probing additional tilt angles of the tomography axis have been developed in order to retrieve 3D reciprocal space maps in each voxel, extending the method to 6 dimensions. The technique is in particular powerful for hierarchical systems where relevant length scales are spanning over many orders of magnitudes. For the example of bone, the arrangement of mineralized collagen fibrils in the nanoscale can be probed over extended macroscopic samples millimeters or even centimeters in size.
This works illustrates the capability of scanning Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (sSAXS) and Ptychographic X-ray nano Tomography (PXCT) to characterize nanoporous composite materials over multiple length scales on a fuel cell catalyst. Results comprise direct images of the nanostructure in a 30µm catalyst pillar at 20 nm resolution in combination with statistically averaged information of the nanostructure between 1-200nm from sSAXS with a spatial resolution of few tens of µm over macroscopic areas. The ex-situ material study is complemented by in-situ dynamic imaging of vapor condensation in 3D at 20nm spatial and temporal resolution of 10minutes.
NanoMAX is a hard x-ray nanoimaging beamline at the new Swedish synchrotron radiation source MAX IV that became operational in 2016. Being a beamline dedicated to x-ray nanoimaging in both 2D and 3D, NanoMAX is the first to take full advantage of MAX IVs exceptional low emittance and resulting coherent properties. We present results from the first experiments at NanoMAX that took place in December 2016. These did not use the final experimental stations that will become available to users, but a temporary arrangement including zone plate and order-sorting aperture stages and a piezo-driven sample scanner. We used zone plates with outermost zone widths of 100 nm and 30 nm and performed experiments at 8 keV photon energy for x-ray absorption and fluorescence imaging and ptychography. Moreover, we investigated stability and coherence with a Ronchi test method. Despite the rather simple setup, we could demonstrate spatial resolution below 50 nm after only a few hours of beamtime. The results showed that the beamline is working as expected and experiments approaching the 10 nm resolution level or below should be possible in the future.
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