This work presents a preliminary study on an experimental analysis of the lactobacillus bacterial growth in
liquid medium with and without the presence of silver nanoparticles. The study aims to quantify the
bactericidal effect of nanoparticles. Quantification of bacterial growth at different times was analyzed by
spectroscopy UV/visible and laser reflectometry near the critical angle. From these two techniques the best
results were obtained by spectroscopy, showing that as the concentration of silver nanoparticles increases, it
inhibits the growth of bacteria, it only grows 63% of the population. Regarding Laser Reflectometry, the
variation of reflectance near the critical angle is measured in real time. The observed results at short times are
reasonable, since they indicate a gradual growth of the bacteria and the stabilization stage of the population.
But at long time, the observed results show abrupt changes caused by temperature effects. The bacteria were
isolated from samples taken from commercial yougurth, and cultured in MRS broth at pH 6.5, and controlled
with citric acid and constant temperature of 32 °C. Separately, silver nanoparticles were synthesized at 3 °C
from aqueous solutions of 1.0 mM silver nitrate and chemically reduced with sodium borohydride to 2.0 mM,
with magnetic stirring.
In this paper, design of optrodes of photonic optical fiber to a pH sensor with a pH dye is described. The sensor is prepared by immobilizing blue bromophenol, as a pH dye, using sol-gel technique with a photonic optical fiber. The physical principle is based in the absorption of the optrodes of the light from a laser diode as an emitter, and as transducer we use a photoresist for electronic conditioning of the signal.
In this work we describe an experimental technique to measure the kinetics of heterogeneous chemical reactions in
aqueous electrolytes, trough the continuous measurement of changes in the optical properties of the aqueous media using
laser reflectometry near the critical angle. Valuable information of the reaction rates that are taking place in the aqueous
side of an electrolyte-glass interface can be obtained if accurate relationships between changes in the reflectance,
refraction index, and content of chemical species are established. We report some of these relationships, the
experimental methodology, and the mathematical models needed to measure continuously chemical reaction rates, and
apply them for the leaching of metallic copper and the dissolution of cupric salts in acidic media. The results show that
laser reflectometry near the critical angle can be used as a suitable non-invasive accurate technique to measure in situ the
rate of dissolution reactions.
We present the viability of obtaining the particle size and surface coverage in a monolayer of polystyrene
particles adsorbed on a glass surface from optical coherent reflectance data around the critical angle in an
internal reflection configuration. We have found that fitting a CSM to optical reflectivity curves in an
internal reflection configuration around the critical angle with a dilute random monolayer of particles
adsorbed on the surface can in fact provide the particle's radius and surface coverage once the particles
are sufficiently large.
Reflection and transmission of the light in a random medium are composed by coherent and incoherent waves. The coherent one can be modeled as interacting with a medium with effective optical coefficients. In a random dilute suspension, the coherent wave travels in a medium with an effective index of refraction given by the van de Hulst formula. This effective index is, in general, complex. The imaginary part takes into account the loss of the coherent wave due to scattering. Internal reflection, due to random particles in suspension defines a critical angle determined by the
effective index of refraction of the particles in suspension. The curve of reflectivity is smoothed near the critical angle by
the imaginary part of the effective index of refraction. One can show that the diffuse component of the reflection tends to zero at the critical angle. In this work, laser reflectometry near the critical angle is used to study particle adsorption on a flat surface. We monitored the adsorption of polystyrene particles with positive and negative charge in suspension. This method allows the direct measuring of reflectivity and its angle derivative on the prism surface where is formed the film.
In this work we present the development of an optical probe which can be used to measure the absolute value of the real and imaginary parts of the refractive index of transparent, opaque or turbid liquids indistinctly. The device can work as a portable, immersion-type, critical-angle refractometer or as a high resolution optical sensor to monitor physical or chemical processes in liquids. The instrument is based on scanning laser reflectometry and measures the reflectance angular-profile around the critical angle. It also measures directly the angle-differential profile of the reflectivity by dynamic reflectometry. For sensing variations of the RI, one can monitor in time either the reflectance or its angular derivative in the vicinity of the critical angle. The uncertainty of the instrument in measuring the real part of the RI can be 10-6. The sensing resolution can be 10-7 when monitoring the differential reflectivity. When the RI is harmonically modulated in time (of RI), it is possible to achieve a resolution as high as 10-10. The applicability of the technique to turbid media consisting in suspension of particles is briefly discussed. We also show that the RI of liquid sample can be monitored through a physical or chemical process if the liquid is vigorously stirred. Regarding the instrument design, we use a novel mechanism to control the angle of incidence which allows to keep all components fixed (laser, detector, semi-cylindrical lens, angle modulator, and cables), except for a mirror and a collimating lens. It only requires linear displacements, for which a conventional micrometer is enough. This design is a considerable improvement over the typical laboratory arrangement used by several authors, and permits to have a portable, compact instrument with all the capabilities of the laboratory technique. The design offers a wide measurement range as to cover most water solutions. We believe the device offers an acceptable balance between size and stability. We give results obtained with an experimental prototype of the device. The aim of this work is a general overview of the foundations of the technique, the development of the sensor and some applications.
We discuss the use of photo-reflectance near the critical angle (PRCA) to monitor small changes of the RI of highly turbid liquids. The theory of the reflectance of a laser beam near the critical angle for an external medium with a complex RI is summarized. The applicability of PRCA to sense highly turbid media is demonstrated experimentally on bovine milk samples. We give experimental results showing the temporal variation of the refractive index (RI) during three different processes in bovine milk: (1) Mechanical stirring, (2) temperature changes, and (3) pH variations around the isoelectric point of the casein micelles (micelle aggregation). RI changes in the order of a few times 1 X 10-3 are observed during the experiments. The experimental results show that the RI of milk can be used to track physico-chemical changes in time allowing one to measure the time constant of the different process. The design of a compact RI probe for in situ applications is discussed. The miniaturization of such a probe will probably limited by factors other than the loss of sensitivity. A novel angle-of-incidence control which requires only linear displacements of some of the optical components (no rotation) is proposed and shown to be feasible. Such an optical probe may be used in the dairy industry and in general in the food industry or food science research laboratories. It could give additional analytical power to the food scientist, engineer, or technician.
We discuss an optical reflection technique to sense very small variations of the refractive index that can be applied to absorbing and non-homogeneous media. The technique offers the possibility of being integrated, using MOEMS technology into a compact optical probe for a variety of applications, and may be the core for a new class of generic sensors. It consists of AC-modulating the angle of incidence near the critical angle and measuring the reflectivity variations. This technique may be a useful alternative to design a refractive index probe for absorbing and inhomogeneous media were other techniques are strongly limited. The theory necessary to use, develop, and design appropriately these kind of sensors is summarized, and experimental results validating the theory are given. A possible design of a fiber-optic probe based on the modulation of the index of refraction of a micro-prism through the elasto-optic effect is given.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print or electronic format on
SPIE.org.
INSTITUTIONAL Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.
PERSONAL Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.