Dr. Michael A. Kinch Profile

Dr. Michael A. Kinch

Chief Scientist of DRS-RSTA

SPIE Involvement:

Author

Publications (25)

Proceedings Article | 18 September 2018 Presentation + Paper

High operating temperature MCT discrete detector data and analysis

E. Robinson, V. R. Khalap, A. D'Souza, M. Skokan, M. Kinch

Proceedings Volume 10766, 107660E (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2323256

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Temperature metrology, Mercury, Measurement devices, Doping, Mid-IR, Mercury cadmium telluride, Metals, Diffusion, Infrared sensors

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Proceedings Article | 4 June 2015 Paper

An infrared journey

Michael Kinch

Proceedings Volume 9451, 94512B (2015) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2183067

KEYWORDS: Mercury cadmium telluride, Staring arrays, Infrared radiation, Long wavelength infrared, Silicon, Infrared imaging, Physics, Analytical research, Readout integrated circuits, Manufacturing

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SPIE Press Book | 6 October 2014

State-of-the-Art Infrared Detector Technology

Michael Kinch

KEYWORDS: Mercury cadmium telluride, Staring arrays, Long wavelength infrared, Mid-IR, Diffusion, Diodes, Doping, Semiconductors, Sensors, Photodiodes, Infrared detectors

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State-of-the-Art Infrared Detector Technology

Proceedings Article | 24 June 2014 Paper

HDVIP five-micron pitch HgCdTe focal plane arrays

J. Armstrong, M. Skokan, M. Kinch, J. Luttmer

Proceedings Volume 9070, 907033 (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2053286

KEYWORDS: Long wavelength infrared, Mercury cadmium telluride, Mid-IR, Diodes, Staring arrays, Infrared detectors, Infrared imaging, Defense and security, Infrared radiation, Sensors

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Proceedings Article | 24 June 2014 Paper

The rationale for ultra-small pitch IR systems

Michael Kinch

Proceedings Volume 9070, 907032 (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2051335

KEYWORDS: Long wavelength infrared, Mid-IR, Mercury cadmium telluride, Staring arrays, Sensors, Modulation transfer functions, Diffusion, Readout integrated circuits, Infrared imaging, Diffraction

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Proceedings Article | 21 May 2014 Paper

Case for small pixels: system perspective and FPA challenge

J. Robinson, M. Kinch, M. Marquis, D. Littlejohn, K. Jeppson

Proceedings Volume 9100, 91000I (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2054452

KEYWORDS: Staring arrays, Modulation transfer functions, Long wavelength infrared, Sensors, Imaging systems, Readout integrated circuits, Mercury cadmium telluride, Mid-IR, Spatial frequencies, Silicon

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SPIE Journal Paper | 29 April 2014

Update on linear mode photon counting with the HgCdTe linear mode avalanche photodiode

Jeffrey Beck, Michael Kinch, Xiaoli Sun

OE, Vol. 53, Issue 08, 081906, (April 2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.OE.53.8.081906

KEYWORDS: Avalanche photodetectors, Mercury cadmium telluride, Photon counting, Avalanche photodiodes, Diffusion, Mid-IR, Ionization, Data modeling, Floods, Sun

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Proceedings Article | 18 June 2013 Paper

Temperature dependence of 1/f noise, defects, and dark current in small pitch MWIR and LWIR HDVIP® HgCdTe FPAs

Roger Strong, Michael Kinch, John Armstrong

Proceedings Volume 8704, 87042O (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2015816

KEYWORDS: Mid-IR, Long wavelength infrared, Staring arrays, Gadolinium, Mercury cadmium telluride, Sensors, Readout integrated circuits, Etching, Diodes, Temperature metrology

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Proceedings Article | 4 May 2010 Paper

High operating temperature MWIR detectors

M. Kinch, H. Schaake, R. Strong, P. Liao, M. Ohlson, J. Jacques, C.-F. Wan, D. Chandra, R. Burford, C. Schaake

Proceedings Volume 7660, 76602V (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.850965

KEYWORDS: Diodes, Mercury cadmium telluride, Mid-IR, Doping, Staring arrays, Metals, Copper, Photodiodes, Diffusion, Semiconductors

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Proceedings Article | 23 January 2010 Paper

High operating temperature MWIR detectors

H. Schaake, M. Kinch, D. Chandra, P. K. Liao, D. Weirauch, C.-F. Wan, H. D. Shih

Proceedings Volume 7608, 76081O (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.846254

KEYWORDS: Diodes, Arsenic, Sensors, Mercury cadmium telluride, Metals, Interfaces, Doping, Mercury, Readout integrated circuits, Liquid phase epitaxy

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Proceedings Article | 7 May 2009 Paper

Fifty years of HgCdTe at Texas Instruments and beyond

Michael Kinch

Proceedings Volume 7298, 72982T (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.819304

KEYWORDS: Mercury cadmium telluride, Staring arrays, Liquid phase epitaxy, Silicon, Diodes, Long wavelength infrared, Sensors, Infrared imaging, Readout integrated circuits, Mid-IR

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Proceedings Article | 7 May 2009 Paper

Performance and modeling of the MWIR HgCdTe electron avalanche photodiode

Jeffrey Beck, Richard Scritchfield, Billy Sullivan, Jamie Teherani, Chang-Feng Wan, Mike Kinch, Martha Ohlson, Mark Skokan, Lewis Wood, Pradip Mitra, Mike Goodwin, Jim Robinson

Proceedings Volume 7298, 729838 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.819045

KEYWORDS: Avalanche photodetectors, Diodes, Diffusion, Mid-IR, Point spread functions, Capacitance, Mercury cadmium telluride, Performance modeling, Signal to noise ratio, Absorption

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SPIE Press Book | 8 November 2007

Fundamentals of Infrared Detector Materials

Michael Kinch

KEYWORDS: Mercury cadmium telluride, Diodes, Sensors, Doping, Superlattices, Mid-IR, Semiconductors, Long wavelength infrared, Ionization, Absorption, Infrared detectors

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Fundamentals of Infrared Detector Materials

Proceedings Article | 8 June 2007 Paper

Noise characteristics of HDVIP HgCdTe LWIR detectors

A. D'Souza, M. Stapelbroek, E. Robinson, C. Yoneyama, H. Mills, M. Kinch, M. Skokan, H. D. Shih

Proceedings Volume 6542, 65423L (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.721143

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Mercury cadmium telluride, Long wavelength infrared, Interference (communication), Lithium, Data acquisition, Readout integrated circuits, Fourier transforms, Diodes, Image quality

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DRS LPE-grown SWIR, MWIR and LWIR HgCdTe material are fabricated in the High-Density Vertically Integrated Photodiode (HDVIP) architecture. Instruments manufactured for certain strategic applications have severe constraints on excess low frequency noise due to the effect the noise has on the image quality with subsequent consequences on the period of calibration. This paper will present data and analysis of excess low frequency noise in LWIR (&lgr;_c ~ 10.5 &mgr;m @ 60 K) HDVIP HgCdTe detectors. The vehicle for noise measurements is a multiplexed 320 x 6 array of 40 &mgr;m x 50 &mgr;m, 10.5 &mgr;m cutoff, HgCdTe detectors. Noise has been measured on a column of 320 detectors, at 60 K, as a function of frequency at zero and 50 mV reverse bias. Integration time for the measurement was 1.76 ms. Output voltage for the detectors was sampled every 10^th or every 100^th frame. 32,768 frames of time series data were collected for a total record length of 98 minutes. Since the total time for collecting the 32,768 time data series points is 98 minutes, the minimum frequency is 170 &mgr;Hz. Time series and Fourier transform data on individual detectors at 0 mV and 50 mV reverse bias in the dark have been studied. Examination of the detector current time series and Fourier transform curves thereof, reveal a variety of interesting characteristics: (i) time series displaying switching between four states characteristic of random telegraph signal (RTS) noise, the noise current power spectrum having Lorentzian type characteristics; (ii) time series data exhibiting slight wave-like characteristics with the noise current power spectrum being 1/f-like at low frequencies; (iii) pronounced wave-like characteristics in the time series with the noise current power spectrum being 1/f²-like at low frequencies; and (iv) time series having a mean value independent of time with the noise current power spectrum being white. The predominance of detectors examined had minimal excess low frequency noise down to ~ 10 mHz. In addition some isolated diodes had characteristics that lay between the four main types outlined above.

Proceedings Article | 18 May 2006 Paper

SWIR to LWIR HDVIP HgCdTe detector array performance

A. D'Souza, M. Stapelbroek, L. Dawson, P. Ely, C. Yoneyama, J. Reekstin, M. Skokan, M. Kinch, P. Liao, M. Ohlson, P. Ronci, T. Teherani, H. Shih, J. Robinson

Proceedings Volume 6206, 62062H (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.669071

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Long wavelength infrared, Readout integrated circuits, Short wave infrared radiation, Mercury cadmium telluride, Quantum efficiency, Detector arrays, Mid-IR, Staring arrays, Diodes

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DRS uses LPE-grown SWIR, MWIR and LWIR HgCdTe material to fabricate High-Density Vertically Integrated Photodiode (HDVIP) architecture detectors. 2.5 μm, 5.3 μm and 10.5 μm cutoff detectors have been fabricated into linear arrays as technology demonstrations targeting remote sensing programs. This paper presents 320 x 6 array configuration technology demonstrations' performance of HDVIP HgCdTe detectors and single detector noise data. The single detector data are acquired from within the 320 x 6 array. Within the arrays, the detector size is 40 μm x 50 μm. The MWIR detector array has a mean quantum efficiency of 89.2% with a standard deviation to mean ratio, σ/μ = 1.51%. The integration time for the focal plane array (FPA) measurements is 1.76 ms with a frame rate of 557.7 Hz. Operability values exceeding 99.5% have been obtained. The LWIR arrays measured at 60 K had high operability with only ~ 3% of the detectors having out of family response. Using the best detector select (BDS) feature in the read out integrated circuit (ROIC), a feature that picks out the best detector in every row of six detectors, a 320 x 1 array with 100% operability is obtained. For the 320 x 1 array constituted using the BDS feature, a 100% operable LWIR array with average NEI value of 1.94 x 10¹¹ ph/cm²/s at a flux of 7.0 x 10¹⁴ ph/cm²/s has been demonstrated. Noise was measured at 60 K and 50 mV reverse bias on a column of 320 diodes from a 320 x 6 LWIR array. Integration time for the measurement was 1.76 ms. Output voltage for the detectors was sampled every 100^th frame. 32,768 frames of time series data were collected for a total record length of 98 minutes. The frame average for a number of detectors was subtracted from each detector to correct for temperature drift and any common-mode noise. The corrected time series data was Fourier transformed to obtain the noise spectral density as a function of frequency. Since the total time for collecting the 32,768 time data series points is 98.0 minutes, the minimum frequency is 170 μHz. A least squares fit of the form (A/f + B) is made to the noise spectral density data to extract coefficients A and B that relate to the 1/f and white noise of the detector respectively. In addition noise measurements were also acquired on columns of SWIR detectors. Measurements were made under illuminated conditions at 4 mV and 50 mV reverse bias and under dark conditions at 50 mV reverse bias. The total collection time for the SWIR detectors was 47.7 minutes. The detectors are white noise limited down to ~10 mHz under dark conditions and down to ~ 100 mHz under illuminated conditions.

Proceedings Article | 22 October 2004 Paper

The HgCdTe electron avalanche photodiode

Jeffrey Beck, Chang-Feng Wan, Michael Kinch, James Robinson, Pradip Mitra, Richard Scritchfield, Feng Ma, Joe Campbell

Proceedings Volume 5564, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.565142

KEYWORDS: Mercury cadmium telluride, Avalanche photodetectors, Mid-IR, Avalanche photodiodes, Short wave infrared radiation, Diodes, Ionization, Long wavelength infrared, Sensors, Monte Carlo methods

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Proceedings Article | 21 October 2004 Paper

High-operating-temperature infrared detectors based on HDVIP

Franklin Roush, Hung-Dah Shih, Thomas Orent, Charles Franda, Peter Dreiske, Fikri Aqariden, Michael Kinch, Pok-Kai Liao, James Robinson, Herbert Schaake, Towfik Teherani, Arne Kalma

Proceedings Volume 5563, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.566371

KEYWORDS: Microlens, Silicon, Mercury cadmium telluride, Microlens array, Infrared detectors, Sensors, Etching, Mid-IR, Staring arrays, Diodes

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Proceedings Article | 21 October 2004 Paper

HDVIP for low-background-flux and high-operating-temperature applications

Paul LeVan, Franklin Roush, Hung-Dah Shih, Michael Kinch, Fikri Aqariden, Pok-Kai Liao, Peter Dreiske, Charles Franda, Thomas Orent, James Robinson, Herbert Schaake, Towfik Teherani, Arne Kalma

Proceedings Volume 5563, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.566370

KEYWORDS: Diodes, Mercury cadmium telluride, Metals, Mid-IR, Diffusion, Staring arrays, Liquid phase epitaxy, Doping, Mercury, Silicon

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Proceedings Article | 30 August 2004 Paper

Au- and Cu-doped HgCdTe HDVIP detectors

Arvind D'Souza, Maryn Stapelbroek, Elizabeth Bryan, J. Beck, M. Kinch, James Robinson

Proceedings Volume 5406, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.547189

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Mercury cadmium telluride, Photodiodes, Infrared sensors, Mid-IR, Diodes, Gold, Doping, Metals, Bismuth

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Proceedings Article | 30 August 2004 Paper

Visible response of λc=2.5µm HgCdTe HDVIP detectors

Maryn Stapelbroek, Matthew Guptill, Arvind D'Souza, Elizabeth Bryan, J. Beck, M. Kinch, James Robinson

Proceedings Volume 5406, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.547185

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Mercury, Visible radiation, Quantum efficiency, Cadmium, Tellurium, Mercury cadmium telluride, Diodes, Photons, Photodiodes

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Proceedings Article | 10 October 2003 Paper

HgCdTe HDVIP detectors and FPAs for strategic applications

Arvind D'Souza, Maryn Stapelbroek, E. Bryan, Alexander Vinson, Jeffrey Beck, Michael Kinch, Chang-Feng Wan, James Robinson

Proceedings Volume 5074, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.487313

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Diodes, Diffusion, Mercury cadmium telluride, Temperature metrology, Mid-IR, Photodiodes, Staring arrays, Sensor performance, Information operations

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Detector characteristics of Cu- and Au-doped High Density Vertically Integrated Photodiode (HDVIP) detectors as well as Cu-doped HDVIP Focal Plane Arrays (FPAs) are presented in this paper. Individual photodiodes in test bars were examined by measuring I-V curves and the associated resistance-area (RA) product as a function of temperature. The Au-doped MWIR [λ_c(78 K) = 5 μm] HDVIP detectors RoA performance was within a factor of two or three of theoretical. Noise as a function of frequency has been measured on Au-doped MWIR HgCdTe HDVIP diodes at several temperatures under dark and illuminated conditions. Low-frequency noise performance of the Au-doped MWIR diode in the various environments is characterized by the ratio α of the noise current spectral density at 1 Hz to the value of the diode current. For photocurrent at 140 K, α_PHOTO = 1.8 x 10^-5. The value of α_PHOTO is the same at both zero bias and 100 mV reverse bias. At 160 K, α_PHOTO is slightly lower but still in the low 10^-5 range. Excess low-frequency noise measured at 140 K and 100 mV reverse bias in the dark has α_DARK = 1.4 x 10^-5. At 160 K and 100 mV reverse bias, α_DARK is in the mid 10^-5 range. At 140 K,the dark current at 8.2 V reverse bias was equal to the photocurrent at 100 mV reverse bias and close to the photocurrent at zero bias. α_DARK = 1.85 x 10^-3 at -8.2 V. This ratio is two orders of magnitude greater than α_PHOTO. At 8.2 V reverse bias, the current was amplified by avalanche processes. Similar results were obtained on the Au-doped diode at 160 K. Diffusion current dominates dark current at 100 mV reverse bias at T = 185 K and T = 220 K. The ratio, α_DARK approximately α_PHOTO in the low to mid 10^-5 range, i.e. dark diffusion current generates excess low frequency noise in the same manner as photocurrent. In addition, 256 x 256 Cu-doped detector arrays were fabricated. Initial measurements had seven out of ten FPAs having operabilities greater than 99.45% with the best 256 x 256 array having only two inoperable pixels.

Proceedings Article | 12 November 2001 Paper

High-operating-temperature (HOT) detector requirements

Michael Kinch

Proceedings Volume 4454, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.448172

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Mercury cadmium telluride, Diodes, Long wavelength infrared, Mid-IR, Photodetectors, Doping, Electrons, Diffusion, Thermography

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Proceedings Article | 12 November 2001 Paper

MWIR HgCdTe avalanche photodiodes

Jeffrey Beck, Chang-Feng Wan, Michael Kinch, James Robinson

Proceedings Volume 4454, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.448174

KEYWORDS: Avalanche photodetectors, Diodes, Mercury cadmium telluride, Mid-IR, Ionization, Measurement devices, Avalanche photodiodes, Performance modeling, Diffusion, Photodiodes

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Proceedings Article | 10 October 2001 Paper

HDVIP FPA technology at DRS Infrared Technologies

Michael Kinch

Proceedings Volume 4369, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.445316

KEYWORDS: Mercury cadmium telluride, Diodes, Mid-IR, Staring arrays, Long wavelength infrared, Data modeling, Mercury, Doping, Signal to noise ratio, Sensors

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Proceedings Article | 12 June 2001 Paper

Fundamental physics of infrared detector materials

Michael Kinch

Proceedings Volume 4288, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.429412

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Mercury cadmium telluride, Photodetectors, Semiconductors, Absorption, Quantum well infrared photodetectors, Long wavelength infrared, Mid-IR, Infrared detectors, Silicon

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