Dr. Mikhail Belenkii Profile

Dr. Mikhail Belenkii

Senior Supervisory Scientist at Trex Enterprises Corp

SPIE Involvement:

Author

Publications (42)

Proceedings Article | 5 May 2017 Presentation + Paper

Head-worn display for control of unmanned vehicles

Mikhail Belenkii, Lawrence Sverdrup, Larry DiRuscio, Yoshi Taketomi

Proceedings Volume 10195, 101950U (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2264060

KEYWORDS: Unmanned vehicles, Robots, Vehicle control, Interfaces, Eye, Visualization, Head-mounted displays, Cameras, Waveguides, Military display technology

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Proceedings Article | 24 August 2010 Paper

Portable daytime differential image motion sensor for atmospheric turbulence characterization

M. Belen'kii, T. Brinkley, D. Bruns, L. DiRuscio, H. Runyeon, V. Rye, L. Angell, D. Haddock, S. Hammel, M. Lasher

Proceedings Volume 7814, 78140J (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.860925

KEYWORDS: Telescopes, Stars, Signal to noise ratio, Cameras, Image sensors, Sensors, Short wave infrared radiation, Infrared telescopes, Software development, Error analysis

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Proceedings Article | 28 September 2007 Paper

Numerical analysis of hybrid adaptive optics system for correcting beacon anisoplanatism and thermal blooming

Mikhail Belen'kii, Vincent Rye, Hope Runyeon

Proceedings Volume 6711, 67110G (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.735721

KEYWORDS: Adaptive optics, Thermal blooming, Wavefronts, Turbulence, Detection and tracking algorithms, Beam controllers, Numerical analysis, Linear filtering, Distortion, Wavefront sensors

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Proceedings Article | 27 September 2007 Paper

Wavefront-based stochastic parallel gradient descent beam control

Mikhail Belen'kii, Kevin Hughes, Hope Runyeon, Vincent Rye

Proceedings Volume 6711, 67110F (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.732692

KEYWORDS: Adaptive optics, Turbulence, Detection and tracking algorithms, Wavefronts, Beam controllers, Wavefront sensors, Stochastic processes, Control systems, Diffraction, Algorithm development

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Proceedings Article | 25 September 2007 Paper

Turbulence inner scale sensor for arbitrary atmospheric paths

Mikhail Belen'kii, Don Bruns, Kevin Hughes, Laura Moyer, Vincent Rye, Larry Wright

Proceedings Volume 6709, 67090J (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.732675

KEYWORDS: Point spread functions, Turbulence, Stars, Atmospheric propagation, Sensors, Telescopes, Atmospheric optics, Scintillation, Atmospheric sensing, Signal to noise ratio

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Proceedings Article | 25 September 2007 Paper

Laboratory demonstration of wavefront-based stochastic parallel gradient descent adaptive optics system

Mikhail Belen'kii, Jeff Barchers, Eric Berg, Don Bruns, Deborah Fung, Richard Gallant, Clay Kirk, Hope Runyeon, Vincent Rye, Josh Voass

Proceedings Volume 6708, 67080I (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.734309

KEYWORDS: Adaptive optics, Turbulence, Thermal blooming, Beam controllers, Cameras, Control systems, Aluminum, Beam splitters, Wave propagation, Dynamical systems

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A laboratory demonstration of two novel tactical beam control methods for correcting the effects of strong turbulence including Beacon Anisoplanatism, and the combined effects of Beacon Anisoplanatism and Thermal Blooming, respectively, were performed in SAIC's Tactical Beam Control Test-Bed. Both systems were tested with ratio of aperture diameter to Fried parameter, D/r₀, of up to 7, and ratio of beam spot size at the target to isoplanatic angle, θ_B/θ_o, of up to 10. The first method was implemented in a Wavefront-based Stochastic Parallel Gradient Decent (WSPGD) adaptive optics (AO) system, which uses an off-axis wavefront sensor (WFS) to provide feedback for a multi-dithering beam control algorithm. The second method was implemented in a Hybrid WSPGD AO system, which incorporates the WSPGD AO system with a conventional Phase Conjugate (PC) AO system. The Hybrid system uses an on-axis WFS to generate initial deformable mirror commands and an off-axis WFS to generate additional commands that account for the high frequency phase components removed from the wavefront of a laser return by Beacon Anisoplanatism. We developed a low speed PC-based WSPGD controller, implemented designs of the WSPGD and Hybrid WSPGD AO systems in SAIC's Test-Bed, and tested both AO systems in static and dynamic turbulence over a wide range of turbulence conditions. A target-plane tracker was used to stabilize the line-of-sight in the AO corrected beam. Test results show that the WSPGD AO system efficiently compensates the effects of Beacon Anisoplanatism for both static and dynamic turbulence, providing a mean performance gain of 1.8 averaged over multiple turbulent realizations. We also found in testing that the Hybrid WSPGD system efficiently compensates for Beacon Anisoplanatism in the presence of Thermal Blooming - providing improved compensation for both Thermal Blooming and turbulence. In the presence of strong Beacon Anisoplanatism with θ_B/θ_o of up to 10, the maximum performance gain is 4.9 and the mean performance gain for multiple turbulence realizations is 2.1.

Proceedings Article | 1 September 2006 Paper

Experimental study of spatial structure of turbulence at Maui Space Surveillance Site (MSSS)

Mikhail Belen'kii, Edward Cuellar, Kevin Hughes, Vincent Rye

Proceedings Volume 6304, 63040U (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.679093

KEYWORDS: Turbulence, Anisotropy, Cameras, Stars, Space telescopes, Telescopes, Wavefronts, Point spread functions, Surveillance, Data acquisition

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We investigated the spatial structure of atmospheric turbulence at Maui Space Surveillance Site (MSSS) using a 3.6 m telescope and a spatial filtering receiver. This receiver simultaneously records four star images on one camera frame. The star images are formed through pupil masks representing aperture diameters of 0.1 m, 0.5m, 1.5 m, and 3.6 m. We determined the camera orientation for each data set by moving the telescope at a given angle in azimuth and elevation. We calculated the horizontal and vertical components of the image centroid and evaluated the statistics of the horizontal and vertical wavefront tilt as a function of the aperture diameter and seeing conditions. We found several evidences of anisotropy of turbulence at MSSS. On four nights we observed that the variance of on-axis horizontal tilt exceeded the variance of the vertical tilt by a factor of 1.3-3.3. We believe that this is due to anisotropy of large-scale turbulence, where the horizontal scale of the turbulent inhomogeneities exceeds their vertical scale. The estimates of the horizontal and vertical turbulence outer scale confirmed this conclusion. In addition, in several data sets the horizontal image spot diameter of the long-exposure star image exceeded the vertical image spot diameter. We also found that large apertures are more likely to have higher anisotropy coefficient values than small apertures. This is because the contribution of small-scale isotropic turbulence to the image centroid reduces with increasing telescope diameter. In the case of isotropic turbulence, the power spectral densities (PSDs) of wavefront tilt are consistent with theoretical models. The telescope vibration modes were observed at 20 Hz. In the case of anisotropic turbulence, the PSDs of the horizontal tilt component have lower slope in the high frequency range, and difference between PSDs for large and small apertures is reduced. The anisotropy of turbulence and atmospheric tilt may affect the design and performance analysis of both active and passive optical systems.

Proceedings Article | 13 September 2005 Paper

Energy flux conservation law and scintillation-free laser communication system demonstration

Mikhail Belen'kii, David Herr

Proceedings Volume 5892, 589214 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.614141

KEYWORDS: Receivers, Scintillation, Telecommunications, Laser systems engineering, Turbulence, Retroreflectors, Laser communications, Modulation, Signal to noise ratio, Transmitters

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Proceedings Article | 23 August 2005 Paper

Tracking in clutter and effects of thermal blooming on HEL beams

Mikhail Belen'kii, Kevin Hughes, Oleg Michailovich, Vincent Rye, Allen Tannenbaum, Don Washburn

Proceedings Volume 5895, 58950F (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.613280

KEYWORDS: Thermal effects, Thermal blooming, Optical flow, Motion estimation, Cameras, Detection and tracking algorithms, Directed energy weapons, Optical tracking, Motion models, Atmospheric propagation

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Proceedings Article | 25 October 2004 Paper

Free-space laser communication model

Mikhail Belen'kii, Kevin Hughes, Vincent Rye

Proceedings Volume 5595, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.570496

KEYWORDS: Scintillation, Receivers, Signal to noise ratio, Atmospheric modeling, Turbulence, Systems modeling, Performance modeling, Atmospheric propagation, Statistical analysis, Visibility

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Proceedings Article | 20 October 2004 Paper

Target edge response

Mikhail Belen'kii, Patti Gillespie, Gary Gimmestad, Kevin Hughes, David Roberts, Vincent Rye, John Stewart, Jack Wood

Proceedings Volume 5550, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.566077

KEYWORDS: Imaging systems, Image quality, Modulation transfer functions, Cameras, Data acquisition, Point spread functions, Visible radiation, Scintillation, Atmospheric optics, Spatial resolution

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Proceedings Article | 8 September 2004 Paper

Wavelength selection and propagation analysis for shipboard free electron laser

Daniel Leslie, Mikhail Belen'kii

Proceedings Volume 5413, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.548271

KEYWORDS: Aerosols, Absorption, Atmospheric propagation, Thermal blooming, Atmospheric particles, Turbulence, Free electron lasers, Wave propagation, Atmospheric modeling, Scattering

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Proceedings Article | 27 January 2004 Paper

Measurement of tilt anisoplanatism with discrete and extended sources

Mikhail Belen'kii, Kenneth Burgi, Patti Gillespie, Gary Gimmestad, Kevin Hughes, David Roberts, John Stewart, Jack Wood

Proceedings Volume 5160, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.507952

KEYWORDS: Imaging systems, Turbulence, Visible radiation, Sensors, Projection systems, Statistical analysis, Cameras, Data acquisition, Optical sensors, Scintillation

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A dual-band imaging system with variable aperture diameter was constructed and horizontal and vertical atmospheric tilt components were measured on a 1-km near-the-ground horizontal path using discrete and extended visible and JR sources. The spatial and temporal tilt statistics were estimated from the recorded data. Tilt structure function, which also characterizes v ariance of the p ointing error caused by anisoplanatism of t he track point to the aim point in the 1 aser projection system, for small angular separation decreases inverse proportionally to the aperture diameter D1 . The tilt structure function is insensitive to sensor vibration. For a point ahead angle of 0.45 mrad the daytime rms pointing enor caused by tilt anisoplanatism is 12 prad for D= 6 cm, and it is 5 prad for D= 40 cm. The tilt power spectral density agrees well with theory. Jt has the "-2/3" power slope, and the ratio of the two knee frequencies is equal to the inverse ratio of the aperture diameters. The tilt temporal conelation increases with the aperture diameter. The temporal conelation scale is 0.25 sec for D=6 cm and it is 1 sec for D= 40 cm. The C measurements made with discrete JR sources and an optical imager agree well with the measurements made with a scintillometer. The structure function for the lateral (Y) tilt exceeds that for the longitudinal (X) tilt, which is inconsistent with the theoretical prediction. We believe that heat-induced turbulence from the JR sources and a wind component parallel to the optical path degraded the measurements of the vertical tilt. Three mitigation techniques were considered including an increase of the aperture diameter, integration of the image edge over the edge angular extent, and averaging of multiple frames. A multi-frame averaging technique is known to be efficient for mitigation of the effects of turbulence induced scintillation and laser speckle. We found that by averaging multiple image frames one can mitigate the effects of tilt anisoplanatism as well. We also found that the edge response for a multi frame averaged image and a single frame image is the same. This allows us to conclude that a multi frame averaging technique for an extended object does not affect the system angular resolution.

Proceedings Article | 27 January 2004 Paper

Residual turbulent scintillation effect and impact of turbulence on the Fourier telescopy system

Mikhail Belen'kii, Kevin Hughes, Timothy Brinkley, Jerry Oldenettel

Proceedings Volume 5160, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.509678

KEYWORDS: Scintillation, Satellites, Atmospheric propagation, Turbulence, Spatial frequencies, Free space, Visibility, Beam propagation method, Atmospheric scintillation, Laser beam propagation

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The e ffects o f a tmospheric turbulence o n the g round—to-space p ropagation p ath a nd P oisson sh ot n oise o n a n a ctive laser-based imaging system for high-resolution imaging of Geosynchronous (GEO) satellites are investigated using a wave-optics simulation code. The phase and scintillation statistics in tilt corrected and uncorrected beams are examined at the top ofthe atmosphere and at the satellite. The effects of intensity and phase variations in the illuminating beams on the fringe visibility and spatial frequency of the interference pattern formed by the illuminating beams at the satellite are investigated. The Fourier phase variance caused by Poisson shot noise and turbulence on the uplink path is evaluated. We found that tilt correction reduces the scintillation in the laser beam at the satellite. In the Fourier telescopy system the scintillation variance at the edge of the beam is reduced by a factor of up to 3 for a tilt corrected beam. Long-range propagation in free space reduces scintillation in the illuminating beam. The scintillation variance in the Fourier telescopy system on the optical axis at the satellite is reduced by 26% to 36 %, as compared to that at the top of the atmosphere. The latter is due to diffraction of the laser beam in free space and enhancement of the spatial coherence of the beam described by the Van Cittert-Zernike theorem. The intensity spatial correlation scale in the scintillation pattern exceeds the satellite dimensions. This leads to a so-called residual turbulent scintillation effect, when the scintillation in the illuminating beam modulates the total reflected energy flux. As a result, an arbitrarily large receiver on the ground cannot average the received signal variations. This degrades the Fourier telescopy system performance. Also intensity and phase variations in the illuminating beams degrade the interference pattern formed at the satellite. The turbulence effect on the fringe visibility is stronger at high spatial frequencies. Intensity variations in the illuminating beams degrade the fringe visibility the most. Poisson shot noise and scintillation on the uplink path strongly impacts the Fourier phase of the object. In the turbulent atmosphere the Fourier phase variance increases by a factor of 1 .5-3, as compared to that in free space. The increase of the phase variance is caused by a non-linear interaction between the two statistically independent noise sources. For the nominal signal level and number of averaged pulses the Fourier phase variance is less than 0.1, or ()L I20)2 . This suggests that the Fourier telescopy method is feasible.

Proceedings Article | 21 August 2003 Paper

Tracking through laser-induced clutter for air-to-ground directed energy system

Mikhail Belen'kii, Timothy Brinkley, Kevin Hughes, Allen Tannenbaum

Proceedings Volume 5087, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.503145

KEYWORDS: Thermal blooming, Turbulence, Optical tracking, Directed energy weapons, Sensors, Mid-IR, Thermal effects, Synthetic aperture radar, Free space, Detection and tracking algorithms

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Proceedings Article | 21 August 2003 Paper

Beacon anisoplanatism

Mikhail Belen'kii, Kevin Hughes

Proceedings Volume 5087, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.508581

KEYWORDS: Turbulence, Adaptive optics, Sensors, Speckle, Atmospheric propagation, Phase measurement, Free space, Scintillation, Wave propagation, Transmitters

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Proceedings Article | 9 December 2002 Paper

Effect of turbulence on downlink and horizontal path on high-order coherence moments in Fourier telescopy system

Mikhail Belen'kii, Kevin Hughes, Timothy Brinkley, Jerry Oldenettel

Proceedings Volume 4821, (2002) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.450636

KEYWORDS: Speckle, Turbulence, Receivers, Signal to noise ratio, Visibility, Scintillation, Phase measurement, Free space, Atmospheric turbulence, Satellites

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Fourier Telescopy is an active laser-based imaging method for high-resolution imaging of dim objects in Geosynchronous (GEO) orbit. The Geo Light Imaging National Testbed will be buit to demonstrate new powerful imaging capability. Several processes including laser speckle, atmospheric turbulence on the downlink and 1-km horizontal path, as well as Poisson shot noise can contribute to the measurement error of the Fourier phase of the object and thus degrade the reconstructed image. We investigated the impact of three processes including laser speckle, turbulence, and Poisson shot noise on the measurement error of the Fourier phase. We introduced the concept of power-in-the-bucket receiver and applied this concept to the receiver in the Fourier telescopy system. We found that the power-in-the-bucket receiver cancels the effects of turbulence on the horizontal path on the Fourier telescopy system. We evaluated variance of the real and imaginary parts of the triple product, as well as variance of the Fourier phase of the object by using a numercal simulation code. The twelfth moment of the optcal filed was calculated in the resenceof laser speckle, atmospheric turbulence, and Poisson shot noise. Simulation results confirmed that Fourier telescopy system is immune to the efects of turbulence on the horizontal path. It also showed that the effect of turbulence on the downlink path on the triple product is small. Laser speckle contributes strongly to the variations of the real part of the triple product and weakly to the imaginary part. Statistical properties of the triple product depend on the noise source. Poisson shot noise and laser speckle poduce the main contribution to the variance of the triple product and measurement error of the object Fourier pase. Phase variance reduces with increasing the number of heliostats, number of pulses, fringe visibility, and fringe signal-to-noise ratio. For 40 heliostat receivers, 100 averaged pulses, and all considered fringe SNRs and fringe visibilities the phase variance caused by Poisson noise, laser speckle, and turbulence on the downlink path is significantly less than 0.36, which corresponds to the phase measurement accuracy of 1/10 of the wave.

Proceedings Article | 22 January 2002 Paper

Coherence degradation of a speckle field and turbulence effects on Fourier telescopy imaging system

Mikhail Belen'kii

Proceedings Volume 4489, (2002) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.453241

KEYWORDS: Speckle, Receivers, Turbulence, Satellites, Free space, Polonium, Imaging systems, Spatial coherence, Spatial frequencies, Satellite imaging

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Proceedings Article | 22 January 2002 Paper

Enhanced backscatter and turbulence effects on pupil-plane speckle imaging system

Mikhail Belen'kii

Proceedings Volume 4489, (2002) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.453243

KEYWORDS: Speckle, Scintillation, Turbulence, Argon, Free space, Satellites, Speckle imaging, Imaging systems, Atmospheric propagation, Backscatter

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Proceedings Article | 19 September 2001 Paper

Experimental validation of the differential image motion lidar concept

Mikhail Belen'kii, David Roberts, John Stewart, Gary Gimmestad, W. Dagle

Proceedings Volume 4377, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.440118

KEYWORDS: LIDAR, Turbulence, Sensors, Scintillation, Receivers, Analog electronics, Laser scattering, Scattering, Motion measurement, Image transmission

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Proceedings Article | 18 September 2001 Paper

Turbulence-induced edge image waviness: theory and experiment

Mikhail Belen'kii, John Stewart, Patti Gillespie

Proceedings Volume 4370, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.440076

KEYWORDS: Turbulence, Imaging systems, Cameras, Data modeling, Infrared imaging, Video, Analytical research, Astronomy, Image processing, Spherical lenses

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Proceedings Article | 27 September 1999 Paper

Preliminary experimental evidence of anisotropy of turbulence and the effect of non-Kolmogorov turbulence on wavefront tilt statistics

Mikhail Belen'kii, Jeffrey Barchers, Stephen Karis, Christina Osmon, James Brown, Robert Fugate

Proceedings Volume 3762, (1999) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.363597

KEYWORDS: Telescopes, Turbulence, Anisotropy, Wavefronts, Atmospheric modeling, Stars, Cameras, Data modeling, Wave propagation, Data acquisition

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Proceedings Article | 27 September 1999 Paper

Experimental validation of tilt measurement technique with a laser beacon

Mikhail Belen'kii, Stephen Karis, James Brown, Robert Fugate

Proceedings Volume 3762, (1999) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.363596

KEYWORDS: Telescopes, Turbulence, Atmospheric sensing, Wavefronts, Wavefront sensors, Adaptive optics, Receivers, Motion measurement, Laser guide stars, Charge-coupled devices

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Proceedings Article | 19 July 1999 Paper

Experimental evidence of the effects of non-Kolmogorov turbulence and anisotropy of turbulence

Mikhail Belen'kii, Stephen Karis, Christina Osmon, James Brown, Robert Fugate

Proceedings Volume 3749, (1999) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.354860

KEYWORDS: Telescopes, Turbulence, Anisotropy, Wavefronts, Stars, Adaptive optics, Optical filters, Statistical analysis, Domes, Optical design

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Proceedings Article | 3 November 1998 Paper

Mitigation of the turbulent degradation effects in a laser beam

Mikhail Belen'kii

Proceedings Volume 3433, (1998) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.330218

KEYWORDS: Turbulence, Wavefronts, Spherical lenses, Collimation, Wavefront aberrations, Atmospheric propagation, Wavefront sensors, Coherence (optics), Scintillation, Transmitters

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Proceedings Article | 17 October 1997 Paper

Experimental study of the effect of non-Kolmogorov stratospheric turbulence on star image motion

Mikhail Belen'kii, Stephen Karis, James Brown, Robert Fugate

Proceedings Volume 3126, (1997) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.290143

KEYWORDS: Telescopes, Turbulence, Stars, Atmospheric modeling, Data modeling, Motion models, Space telescopes, Motion measurement, Anisotropy, Scintillation

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Proceedings Article | 17 October 1997 Paper

Measurements of tilt angular anisoplanatism

Mikhail Belen'kii, Stephen Karis, James Brown, Robert Fugate

Proceedings Volume 3126, (1997) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.290165

KEYWORDS: Telescopes, Stars, Motion measurement, CCD cameras, Image resolution, Turbulence, Data processing, Data modeling, Wavefronts, Imaging systems

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Proceedings Article | 17 October 1997 Paper

Multiple-aperture averaging technique for measuring full aperture tilt with a laser guide star

Mikhail Belen'kii

Proceedings Volume 3126, (1997) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.290142

KEYWORDS: Telescopes, Turbulence, Laser guide stars, Receivers, Sodium guide stars, Error analysis, Adaptive optics, Motion measurement, Projection systems, Plasma display panels

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Proceedings Article | 6 January 1997 Paper

Tilt angular correlation and tilt sensing techniques with a laser guide star

Mikhail Belen'kii

Proceedings Volume 2956, (1997) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.263169

KEYWORDS: Telescopes, Receivers, Motion measurement, Transmitters, Mirrors, Turbulence, Sodium, Laser guide stars, Scattering, Image transmission

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Proceedings Article | 14 October 1996 Paper

Principle of equivalency of the phase difference and off-axis tilt sensing technique with a laser guide star

Mikhail Belen'kii

Proceedings Volume 2828, (1996) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.254177

KEYWORDS: Telescopes, Motion measurement, Receivers, Wave propagation, Laser guide stars, Sodium, Collimation, Stars, Atmospheric propagation, Error analysis

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Proceedings Article | 14 October 1996 Paper

Design of an optical remote sensing system for measuring refractive turbulence in the Antarctic boundary layer

Gary Gimmestad, J. White, Mikhail Belen'kii

Proceedings Volume 2828, (1996) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.254170

KEYWORDS: LIDAR, Remote sensing, Receivers, Turbulence, Backscatter, Atmospheric modeling, Transmitters, Pulsed laser operation, Aerosols, Motion measurement

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Proceedings Article | 14 October 1996 Paper

Single-ended laser wind sensor

Mikhail Belen'kii, Gary Gimmestad, David Roberts

Proceedings Volume 2828, (1996) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.254199

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Wind measurement, Prototyping, Laser development, Telescopes, Signal detection, Receivers, Chlorine, Speckle pattern, Fringe analysis

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Proceedings Article | 15 June 1995 Paper

Prospects for laser remote sensing of Cn2

Gary Gimmestad, Mikhail Belen'kii

Proceedings Volume 2471, (1995) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.211959

KEYWORDS: LIDAR, Remote sensing, Turbulence, Atmospheric optics, Backscatter, Scintillation, Distortion, Receivers, Atmospheric laser remote sensing, Image enhancement

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Proceedings Article | 15 June 1995 Paper

Influence of the stratospheric turbulence on the adaptive optics systems performance

Mikhail Belen'kii

Proceedings Volume 2471, (1995) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.211937

KEYWORDS: Stars, Turbulence, Telescopes, Motion measurement, Stratosphere, Adaptive optics, Atmospheric propagation, Data modeling, Wavefronts, Motion models

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Proceedings Article | 15 June 1995 Paper

Influence of stratospheric turbulence on infrared imaging

Mikhail Belen'kii, Alexander Gurvich

Proceedings Volume 2471, (1995) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.211935

KEYWORDS: Turbulence, Stars, Stratosphere, Atmospheric modeling, Data modeling, Troposphere, Coherence (optics), Scintillation, Infrared imaging, In situ metrology

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Proceedings Article | 15 June 1995 Paper

Full-aperture tilt measurement technique with a laser guide star

Mikhail Belen'kii

Proceedings Volume 2471, (1995) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.211938

KEYWORDS: Stars, Receivers, Transmitters, Laser guide stars, Scattering, Wave propagation, Adaptive optics, Telescopes, Image transmission, Atmospheric optics

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Proceedings Article | 29 June 1994 Paper

Monostatic image distortion lidar technique for measuring intensity of atmospheric turbulence

Mikhail Belen'kii, Gary Gimmestad

Proceedings Volume 2222, (1994) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.178039

KEYWORDS: Atmospheric turbulence, Distortion, LIDAR, Remote sensing, Adaptive optics, Atmospheric propagation, Laser beam propagation, Astronomy, Refractive index, Turbulence

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Proceedings Article | 29 June 1994 Paper

Design considerations for a residual turbulent scintillation (RTS) lidar

Mikhail Belen'kii, Gary Gimmestad

Proceedings Volume 2222, (1994) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.178035

KEYWORDS: LIDAR, Scintillation, Receivers, Objectives, Profiling, Transmitters, Pulsed laser operation, Gated imaging, Imaging systems, Optical instrument design

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Proceedings Article | 29 June 1994 Paper

New perspective in the experimental study of atmospheric turbulence: a volume scanning crossed-path lidar technique

Mikhail Belen'kii, Gary Gimmestad

Proceedings Volume 2222, (1994) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.178036

KEYWORDS: LIDAR, Atmospheric turbulence, Atmospheric optics, Spatial resolution, Temporal resolution, Refractive index, Radar, Acoustics, Humidity

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Proceedings Article | 29 June 1994 Paper

New non-Doppler remote sensing technique for 3-D wind field mapping

Mikhail Belen'kii, Gary Gimmestad, Alexander Gurvich

Proceedings Volume 2222, (1994) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.178034

KEYWORDS: LIDAR, Remote sensing, Three dimensional sensing, Statistical analysis, Signal processing, Wind energy, Photodetectors, Correlation function

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Proceedings Article | 31 May 1994 Paper

Fundamental limitation in adaptive optics: how to eliminate it? A full-aperture tilt measurement technique with a laser guide star

Mikhail Belen'kii

Proceedings Volume 2201, (1994) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.176046

KEYWORDS: Laser guide stars, Adaptive optics, Wavefront distortions, Telescopes, Signal to noise ratio, Stars, Atmospheric propagation, Argon, Transmitters, Receivers

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Proceedings Article | 15 September 1993 Paper

New remote sensing technique for lidar monitoring of atmospheric turbulence

Mikhail Belen'kii, Gary Gimmestad

Proceedings Volume 1968, (1993) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.154893

KEYWORDS: LIDAR, Scattering, Receivers, Remote sensing, Atmospheric laser remote sensing, Atmospheric propagation, Atmospheric particles, Backscatter, Laser scattering, Turbulence

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