We demonstrate using a convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture such as Resnet20 how to perform complete Laguerre-Gauss (LG) decomposition of an unknown, incoming laser beam using only intensity images. For our proof-ofconcept simulations, we use random super-positions of first 10 azimuthal LG modes with l-values from 0 to 9. For these random super-positions, both the amplitudes and phase values are random. Random white noise is added to the intensity images of these simulated fields. 80,000 such training images are used to train our Resnet20 CNN while another 20,000 images are in the test set. Prediction results on the test set show a correlation value of 98.75% showing the efficacy of using a CNN to perform spatial mode decomposition.
The Texas Instruments (TI) digital micromirror device (DMD) is inherently a two dimensional (2-D) blaze grating that
causes wavelength-dependent angular spreading of reflected broadband light limiting its use as a broadband variable
fiber optic attenuator (VFOA). In this paper, we propose a novel design that utilizes a double-reflection architecture to
counter angular spreading while at the same time eliminates the need to use any narrowband components such as wave
plates thus delivering a truly flat spectral response VFOA. The key feature of this design is that the DMD, instead of
being oriented in the Littrow retro-reflective configuration for the center wavelength, is oriented at a different angle to
the input beam such that the blaze condition is still satisfied albeit for a different diffraction order n. The only
wavelength dependent loss (WDL) in this design is due to the fact that the blaze condition is satisfied only for a center
wavelength λc at which the diffraction efficiency is maximum while at other wavelengths, the blaze condition is not
perfectly satisfied resulting in a loss in diffraction efficiency. Simulation results show a WDL of only 0.01 dB over the
C-band compared to the previously reported experimental value of ±0.37 dB thus resulting in a truly flat spectral
response VFOA.
Precise knowledge of laser beam parameters is a key requirement in many photonics applications including
for lasers and optics used in the transportation industry. This paper reports on a novel motion-free laser
beam characterization system using electronically agile digital and analog photonics such as a Digital
Micromirror Device (DMD) and an analog variable focal length lens. The proposed system has the
capability of measuring all the parameters of a laser beam including minimum waist size, minimum waist
location, beam divergence and the beam propagation parameter (M2). Experimental results demonstrate the measurement of the minimum beam waist size and location for a test 633 nm fundamental mode Gaussian laser beam. The system is also applicable for imaging of arbitrary beams including non-laser beams.
Highlighted are results from a commercial Siemens rig test of the fabricated all-Single crystal Silicon Carbide (SiC)
temperature probe. Robust probe design options are introduced. Introduced is a fiber network-based spatially distributed
sensor design suitable for turbines.
KEYWORDS: Image resolution, Confocal microscopy, 3D image processing, Microscopes, Signal processing, Optical resolution, Diffraction, Liquid lenses, Super resolution, Imaging systems
The paper first highlights the use of multiple electronically controlled optical lenses, specifically, liquid lenses to realize
an axial scanning confocal microscope with potentially less aberrations. Next, proposed is a signal processing method for
realizing high resolution three dimensional (3-D) optical imaging using diffraction limited low resolution optical signals.
Using axial shift-based signal processing via computer based computation algorithm, three sets of high resolution optical
data is determined along the axial (or light beam propagation) direction using low resolution axial data. The three sets of
low resolution data are generated by illuminating the 3-D object under observation along its three independent and
orthogonal look directions (i.e., x, y, and z) or by physically rotating the object by 90 degrees and also flipping the object
by 90 degrees. The three sets of high resolution axial data is combined using a unique mathematical function to
interpolate a 3-D image of the test object that is of much higher resolution than the diffraction limited direct
measurement 3-D resolution. Confocal microscopy or optical coherence tomography (OCT) are example methods to
obtain the axial scan data sets. The proposed processing can be applied to any 3-D wave-based 3-D imager including
ones using electromagnetic waves and sound (ultrasonic) waves. Initial computer simulations are described to test the
robustness of the proposed high resolution signal processing method.
Three-dimensional (3-D) imaging is demonstrated using an electronically controlled liquid crystal (LC) optical lens to accomplish a no-moving-parts depth-section scanning in a modified commercial 3-D confocal microscope. Specifically, 3-D views of a standard CDC blood vessel (enclosed in a glass slide) have been obtained using the modified confocal microscope operating at the red 633-nm laser wavelength. The image sizes over a 25-µm axial scan depth were 50×50 µm and 80×80 µm, using 60× and 20× micro-objectives, respectively. The transverse motion step was 0.1 µm for the 60× data and 0.2 µm for the 20× data. As a first-step comparison, image processing of the standard and LC electronic-lens microscope images indicates correlation values between 0.81 and 0.91. The proposed microscopy system within aberration limits has the potential to eliminate the mechanical forces due to sample or objective motion that can distort the original sample structure and lead to imaging errors.
Shown for the first time is the fabricated all-Single crystal Silicon Carbide (SiC) temperature probe and interface
assembly designed for extreme environment temperature sensing in a gas turbine test rig. Preliminary probe test
results are described regarding SiC chip temporal response, optical beam stability, and near vacuum sealing.
An analog liquid crystal lens-based axial scanning confocal microscope is demonstrated as a 48 &mgr;m continuous
range optical height measurement sensor used to characterize a 2.3 &mgr;m height Indium Phosphide twin square optical waveguide chip.
Single crystal Silicon Carbide (SiC) chip operations for a proposed wireless temperature sensor are evaluated for various power plant industrial conditions such as soot levels, chemical exposure, and changes in polarization.
To the best of our knowledge, for the first time, biological Three Dimensional (3-D) imaging has been achieved using an electronically controlled optical lens to accomplish no-moving parts depth section scanning in a modified commercial 3-D confocal microscope. Specifically, full 3-D views of a standard CDC blood vessel (enclosed in a glass slide) have been obtained using the modified confocal microscope operating at the red 633 nm laser wavelength.
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