Dr. Muthu Kumara Gnanasammandhan Jayakumar Profile

Dr. Muthu Kumara Gnanasammandhan Jayakumar

at National Univ of Singapore

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Proceedings Article | 29 March 2013 Paper

Upconverting fluorescent nanoparticles for biodetection and photoactivation

Kai Huang, WenKai Li, Muthu Kumara Gnanasammandhan Jayakumar, Yong Zhang

Proceedings Volume 8635, 863504 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2002754

KEYWORDS: Ytterbium, Near infrared, Nanocrystals, Erbium, Luminescence, Upconversion, Nanoparticles, Photons, Ions, Ultraviolet radiation

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Fluorophores including fluorescent dyes/proteins and quantum dots (QDs) are used for fluorescence-based imaging and detection. These are based on ‘downconversion fluorescence’ and have several drawbacks: photobleaching, autofluorescence, short tissue penetration depth and tissue photo-damage. Upconversion fluorescent nanoparticles (UCNs) emit detectable photons of higher energy in the short wavelength range upon irradiation with near-infrared (NIR) light based on a process termed ‘upconversion’. UCNs show absolute photostability, negligible autofluorescence, high penetration depth and minimum photodamage to biological tissues. Lanthanide doped nanocrystals with nearinfrared NIR-to-NIR and/or NIR-to-VIS and/or NIR-to-UV upconversion fluorescence emission have been synthesized. The nanocrystals with small size and tunable multi-color emission have been developed. The emission can be tuned by doping different upconverting lanthanide ions into the nanocrystals. The nanocrystals with core-shell structure have also been prepared to tune the emission color. The surfaces of these nanocrystals have been modified to render them water dispersible and biocompatible. They can be used for ultrasensitive interference-free biodetection because most biomolecules do not have upconversion properties. UCNs are also useful for light based therapy with enhanced efficiency, for example, photoactivation.

Proceedings Article | 19 February 2013 Paper

Light-activated endosomal escape using upconversion nanoparticles for enhanced delivery of drugs

Muthu Kumara Gnanasammandhan, Akshaya Bansal, Yong Zhang

Proceedings Volume 8594, 85940B (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2003720

KEYWORDS: Nanoparticles, Near infrared, Luminescence, Oxygen, Upconversion, Silica, Coating, Cell death, Molecules, Control systems

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Nanoparticle-based delivery of drugs has gained a lot of prominence recently but the main problem hampering efficient delivery of payload is the clearing or degradation of nanoparticles by endosomes. Various strategies have been used to overcome this issue and one such effective solution is Photochemical Internalization (PCI). This technique involves the activation of certain photosensitizing compounds by light, which accumulate specifically in the membranes of endocytic vesicles. The activated photosensitizers induce the formation of reactive oxygen species which in turn induces localized disruption of endosomal membranes. But the drawback of this technique is that it needs blue light for activation and hence confined to be used only in in-vitro systems due to the poor tissue penetration of blue light. Here, we report the use of Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNs) as a transducer for activation of the photosensitizer, TPPS 2a. NIR light has good tissue penetrating ability and thus enables PCI in greater depths. Highly monodisperse, uniformly-sized, sub-100 nm, biocompatible upconversion nanoparticles were synthesized with a mesoporous silica coating. These UCNs activated TPPS 2a efficiently in solution and in cells. Paclitaxel, an anti-cancer drug was used as a model drug and was loaded into the mesoporous silica coating. B16F0 cells transfected with drug-loaded UCNs and irradiated with NIR showed significantly higher nanoparticle uptake and in turn higher cell death caused by the delivered drug. This technique can be used to enhance the delivery of any therapeutic molecule and thus increase the therapeutic efficiency considerably.

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