Prof. Muyinatu A. Lediju Bell Profile

Prof. Muyinatu A. Lediju Bell

John C. Malone Associate Professor at Johns Hopkins Univ

SPIE Involvement:

Publications Committee | Conference Program Committee | Editorial Board Member: Journal of Biomedical Optics | Author | Special Event Speaker

Area of Expertise:

Ultrasound imaging , photoacoustic imaging , coherence-based beamforming , deep learning for ultrasound and photoacoustic image formation , photoacoustic-guided surgery , clinical translation

Websites:

Personal Website | Company Website

Profile Summary

Muyinatu Bell is the John C. Malone Associate Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, and Computer Science at Johns Hopkins University, where she founded and directs the Photoacoustic and Ultrasonic Systems Engineering (PULSE) Lab. Prof. Bell earned a SB degree in mechanical engineering (biomedical engineering minor) from Massachusetts Institute of Technology, received a PhD degree in biomedical engineering from Duke University, conducted research as a Whitaker International Fellow at the Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital in the United Kingdom, and completed a postdoctoral fellowship with the Engineering Research Center for Computer-Integrated Surgical Systems and Technology at Johns Hopkins University. She served as Associate Editor-in-Chief of IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control (T-UFFC), is Associate Editor of IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging and the Journal of Biomedical Optics, is an Editorial Advisory Board member of GEN Biotechnology, and is a member of the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative Imaging Program Scientific Advisory Board, with patents issued and/or pending for short-lag spatial coherence beamforming, photoacoustic-guided surgery, and deep learning for beamforming.

Prof. Bell is a Fellow of AIMBE (2022) and SPIE (2023), and she is the recipient of numerous awards and honors, including MIT Technology Review’s Innovator Under 35 Award (2016), the NSF CAREER Award (2018), the NIH Trailblazer Award (2018), the Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellowship (2019), the ORAU Ralph E. Powe Jr. Faculty Enhancement Award (2019), Maryland’s Outstanding Young Engineer Award (2019), the inaugural IEEE UFFC Star Ambassador Lectureship Award (2020), the SPIE Early Career Achievement Award (2021), and the IEEE Ultrasonics Early Career Investigator Award (2022).

Publications (55)

Proceedings Article | 1 April 2024 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

Displacement tracking reliability in muscle shear strain quantification

Md Ashikuzzaman, Jonny Huang, Steve Bonwit, Azin Etemadimanesh, Preeti Raghavan, Muyinatu Lediju Bell

Proceedings Volume 12932, 129320D (2024) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3007878

KEYWORDS: Muscles, Reliability, In vivo imaging, Ultrasonography, Detection and tracking algorithms, Speckle, Windows, Visualization, Medicine, Data acquisition

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Ultrasound speckle tracking has the potential to quantify shear strain in patients with myofascial pain, leading to previous clinical conclusions (derived from a cross-correlation-based, windowed-search speckle tracking method) that shear strain is altered in patients with myofascial pain when compared to healthy individuals. However, differences in speckle-tracking techniques are known to impact the accuracy of estimated displacement fields, which has the potential to alter clinical conclusions. Therefore, this work aims to assess the reliability of two displacement estimation algorithms in the context of muscle lateral shear strain measurements, specifically Search and a Search-initialized Second-Order Ultrasound eLastography that we name SOUL-Search. Search utilizes a window-based displacement tracking method that determines the optimal displacement based on maximum signal correlation, whereas SOUL-Search fine-tunes the Search initial estimates by optimizing a cost function comprising data and regularization terms. A simulation study was implemented to provide controlled in silico assessments, followed by initial comparisons with in vivo data from the shoulder muscles of three research participants with myofascial post-stroke shoulder pain, acquired with a robot-held ultrasound probe with passive muscle motion induced by a bimanual arm trainer. SOUL-Search improved the in silico root-mean-square error, mean absolute error, and mean structural similarity of lateral displacement estimates by 64%, 43%, and 34%, respectively, relative to Search. When applied to the in vivo data, both Search and SOUL-Search agree with a novel clinical hypothesis that painful paretic shoulders exhibit altered muscle shear strain when compared to each participant’s non-paretic shoulder. However, SOUL-Search produced less-noisy lateral displacement images (enabling better qualitative assessments of clinical observations) and provided a smoother progression of lateral shear strain over time when compared to Search (which aligns with expectations based on the controlled in vivo environment). Results are promising for the creation and validation of new clinical hypotheses surrounding the identification and management of myofascial pain.

Proceedings Article | 1 April 2024 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

Two-dimensional displacement estimation using mixed second-order regularization in total variation-based ultrasound elastography

Md Ashikuzzaman, Hassan Rivaz, Muyinatu A. Lediju Bell

Proceedings Volume 12932, 129320A (2024) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3005693

KEYWORDS: Ultrasonography, Elastography, Tissues, Signal to noise ratio, Detection and tracking algorithms, Deformation, Data acquisition, Computer simulations, Visualization, Sampling rates

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Proceedings Article | 12 March 2024 Poster + Paper

Poster + Paper

Flexible array curvature and sound speed estimations with a maximum spatial lag-one coherence metric

Jiaxin Zhang, Kai Ding, Muyinatu Lediju Bell

Proceedings Volume 12842, 128421D (2024) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3005709

KEYWORDS: Transducers, Ultrasonography, Spatial coherence, Optical fibers, Data acquisition, Image restoration, Ultrasound transducers, Imaging arrays, Photoacoustic imaging

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SPIE Journal Paper | 13 November 2023 Open Access

Open Access

Deep learning in vivo catheter tip locations for photoacoustic-guided cardiac interventions

Mardava Gubbi, Fabrizio Assis, Jonathan Chrispin, Muyinatu Lediju Bell

JBO, Vol. 29, Issue S1, S11505, (November 2023) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.JBO.29.S1.S11505

KEYWORDS: In vivo imaging, Heart, Histograms, Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Transducers, Computer simulations, Phased arrays, Data processing, Education and training, Deep learning

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SPIE Journal Paper | 4 September 2023 Open Access

Open Access

Optical absorption spectra and corresponding in vivo photoacoustic visualization of exposed peripheral nerves

Michelle Graham, Arunima Sharma, William Padovano, Visakha Suresh, Arlene Chiu, Susanna Thon, Sami Tuffaha, Muyinatu Bell

JBO, Vol. 28, Issue 09, 097001, (September 2023) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.JBO.28.9.097001

KEYWORDS: Nerve, Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Absorbance, Nervous system, In vivo imaging, Photoacoustic imaging, Absorption spectrum, Windows, Tissue optics, Light absorption

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SignificanceMultispectral photoacoustic imaging has the potential to identify lipid-rich, myelinated nerve tissue in an interventional or surgical setting (e.g., to guide intraoperative decisions when exposing a nerve during reconstructive surgery by limiting operations to nerves needing repair, with no impact to healthy or regenerating nerves). Lipids have two optical absorption peaks within the NIR-II and NIR-III windows (i.e., 1000 to 1350 nm and 1550 to 1870 nm wavelength ranges, respectively) which can be exploited to obtain photoacoustic images. However, nerve visualization within the NIR-III window is more desirable due to higher lipid absorption peaks and a corresponding valley in the optical absorption of water.AimWe present the first known optical absorption characterizations, photoacoustic spectral demonstrations, and histological validations to support in vivo photoacoustic nerve imaging in the NIR-III window.ApproachFour in vivo swine peripheral nerves were excised, and the optical absorption spectra of these fresh ex vivo nerves were characterized at wavelengths spanning 800 to 1880 nm, to provide the first known nerve optical absorbance spectra and to enable photoacoustic amplitude spectra characterization with the most optimal wavelength range. Prior to excision, the latter two of the four nerves were surrounded by aqueous, lipid-free, agarose blocks (i.e., 3% w/v agarose) to enhance acoustic coupling during in vivo multispectral photoacoustic imaging using the optimal NIR-III wavelengths (i.e., 1630 to 1850 nm) identified in the ex vivo studies.ResultsThere was a verified characteristic lipid absorption peak at 1725 nm for each ex vivo nerve. Results additionally suggest that the 1630 to 1850 nm wavelength range can successfully visualize and differentiate lipid-rich nerves from surrounding water-containing and lipid-deficient tissues and materials.ConclusionsPhotoacoustic imaging using the optimal wavelengths identified and demonstrated for nerves holds promise for detection of myelination in exposed and isolated nerve tissue during a nerve repair surgery, with possible future implications for other surgeries and other optics-based technologies.

Proceedings Article | 10 April 2023 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

Real-time element position tracking of flexible array transducer for ultrasound beamforming

D. China, Z. Feng, H. Hooshangnejad, D. Sforza, P. Vagdargi, M. A. L. Bell, A. Uneri, K. Ding

Proceedings Volume 12470, 124700A (2023) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2654435

KEYWORDS: Ultrasound real time imaging, Image guided radiation therapy, Ultrasound transducers, Optical tracking

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Proceedings Article | 7 April 2023 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

Theoretical basis and experimental validation of harmonic coherence-based ultrasound imaging for breast mass diagnosis

Khadijat Kokumo, Arunima Sharma, Kelly Myers, Emily Ambinder, Eniola Oluyemi, Muyinatu Lediju Bell

Proceedings Volume 12463, 124630J (2023) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2655716

KEYWORDS: Breast imaging, Solids, Ultrasonography, Spatial coherence, In vivo imaging, Breast, Coherence imaging, Image resolution, Data acquisition, Ultrasound transducers

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Coherence-based ultrasound imaging has demonstrated potential to improve breast mass diagnosis by distinguishing solid from fluid-filled masses. Harmonic imaging, which is known to reduce acoustic clutter, has the potential to offer additional improvements. However, the lack of a theoretical basis to describe these improvements precludes clinical recommendations based on physics and engineering principles. This work is the first to develop a theoretical model of coherence-based ultrasound imaging to describe both solid vs. fluid mass distinction and the effects of harmonic short-lag spatial coherence (SLSC) imaging. The scattering function and the transmit ultrasound beam of the van Cittert-Zernike theorem applied to ultrasound imaging were redefined to generate the theoretical model for solid vs. fluid mass distinction and for harmonic imaging, respectively. The derived theory was used to compare fundamental and harmonic SLSC images for hypoechoic solid, hypoechoic fluid, hyperechoic, and point targets. Theoretical simulations showed improved resolution, mitigated dark-region artifacts around hyperechoic targets, and increased spatial coherence of fluid masses in harmonic SLSC images when compared to fundamental SLSC images. Experimental data from tissue-mimicking phantoms and in vivo breast ultrasound images agreed with theoretical results. In particular, when compared to fundamental SLSC imaging, harmonic SLSC imaging improved resolution by 0.19 ± 0.25 mm, mitigated dark region artifacts by 0.55 ± 0.54 mm, and increased the spatial coherence of fluid-filled masses, resulting in a 6.50 ± 4.28 dB decrease in contrast. Results will enable future clinical recommendations supporting the use of fundamental or harmonic SLSC imaging for analyses of fluid or solid masses, respectively. These contributions establish a theoretical foundation to combine fundamental and harmonic coherence-based imaging with harmonic B-mode imaging to improve the accuracy of breast mass diagnoses.

Proceedings Article | 3 April 2023 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

Computational modeling towards focused ultrasound therapy for spinal cord injury: visualization of beam propagation through patient-specific anatomy

Avisha Kumar, Max Kerensky, Eduardo Gonzalez, Muyinatu A. Lediju Bell, Nicholas Theodore, Nitish Thakor, Amir Manbachi, Yohannes Tsehay

Proceedings Volume 12466, 1246615 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2654357

KEYWORDS: Ultrasonography, Spinal cord, Wave propagation, Visualization, Acoustics, Sensors, Ultrasound transducers

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Ultrasound holds promise for use in spinal cord injury cases for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Focused ultrasound applications demand an added threshold of study to ensure the safety and efficacy of the therapy. For optimal treatment outcomes, it is crucial to understand whether relevant structures are being targeting with sufficient energy without damaging neighboring tissue and vasculature. However, it is difficult to predict the expected displacement and pressure profile of the ultrasound wavefront due to challenges with visualizing an acoustic beam in real-time and complex patient-specific anatomy. This challenge is particularly prominent in anatomies with varying medium acoustic properties that cause reflection and distortion of the signal, which is inherent to the composition of the spinal cord and is exacerbated by the formations of injury-induced hematomas. Incorrect placement of focused ultrasound transducers can be detrimental to patient health, specifically if therapeutic ultrasound is used at higher intensities, as the beam propagation can target healthy tissue and important structures that could lead to tissue damage and death. We study how computational tools can be leveraged to aid placement of the transducer using an ultrasound simulation software, Wave 3000 Plus, that allows for the visualization of ultrasound propagation through anatomical structures. By simulating the propagation of ultrasound beams through patient-specific Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) images, we study computational approaches to determine the optimal placement of devices. In this study, we use in vivo porcine spinal cord images following spinal cord injury (as an example medical use case) to determine if the injury site is being targeted appropriately and to visualize the distribution of pressure throughout the simulation. We demonstrate that Wave 3000 Plus is a viable approach for visualizing ultrasound propagation through patient-specific anatomies.

Proceedings Article | 9 March 2023 Poster + Paper

Poster + Paper

Comparison of flexible array with laparoscopic transducer for photoacoustic-guided surgery

Jiaxin Zhang, Alycen Wiacek, Ziwei Feng, Kai Ding, Muyinatu Lediju Bell

Proceedings Volume 12379, 1237910 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2656173

KEYWORDS: Laparoscopy, Transducers, Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Ultrasound transducers, Signal to noise ratio, Optical fibers, Imaging arrays, Surgery, Visualization, Visibility

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Proceedings Article | 3 October 2022 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

Applications of ultrasound image formation in the deep learning age

Muyinatu Lediju Bell

Proceedings Volume 12204, 1220403 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2631614

KEYWORDS: Ultrasonography, Image segmentation, Image acquisition, Speckle, Image processing, Spatial coherence, Tissues, Signal processing, Sensors, Material characterization

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SPIE Journal Paper | 1 September 2022 Open Access

Open Access

Dual-wavelength photoacoustic atlas method to estimate fractional methylene blue and hemoglobin contents

Eduardo Gonzalez, Muyinatu Lediju Bell

JBO, Vol. 27, Issue 09, 096002, (September 2022) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.JBO.27.9.096002

KEYWORDS: Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Acoustics, Chromophores, Principal component analysis, Ultrasonography, Coherence (optics), Blood, Optical fibers, Data acquisition, Binary data

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Significance: Methylene blue (MB) is an exogenous contrast agent that has the potential to assist with visualization and penetration challenges in photoacoustic imaging. However, monitoring the local concentration between MB and endogenous chromophores is critical for avoiding unnecessary MB accumulations that could lead to adverse effects such as hemolysis when exposed to increased dose and photodamage when exposed to high laser energies.Aim: We developed a modified version of a previously proposed acoustic-based atlas method to estimate concentration levels from a mixture of two photoacoustic-sensitive materials after two laser wavelength emissions.Approach: Photoacoustic data were acquired from mixtures of 100-μM MB and either human or porcine blood (Hb) injected in a plastisol phantom, using laser wavelengths of 710 and 870 nm. An algorithm to perform linear regression of the acoustic frequency response from an atlas composed of pure concentrations was designed to assess the concentration levels from photoacoustic samples obtained from 11 known MB/Hb volume mixtures. The mean absolute error (MAE), coefficient of determination (i.e., R2), and Spearman’s correlation coefficient (i.e., ρ) between the estimated results and ground-truth labels were calculated to assess the algorithm performance, linearity, and monotonicity, respectively.Results: The overall MAE, R2, and ρ were 12.68%, 0.80, and 0.89, respectively, for the human Hb dataset and 9.92%, 0.86, and 0.93, respectively, for the porcine Hb dataset. In addition, a similarly linear relationship was observed between the acoustic frequency response at 2.3 MHz and 870-nm laser wavelength and the ground-truth concentrations, with R2 and | ρ | values of 0.76 and 0.88, respectively.Conclusions: Contrast agent concentration monitoring is feasible with the proposed approach. The potential for minimal data acquisition times with only two wavelength emissions is advantageous toward real-time implementation in the operating room.

Proceedings Article | 4 April 2022 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

Multi-stage investigation of deep neural networks for COVID-19 B-line feature detection in simulated and in vivo ultrasound images

Benjamin Frey, Tiffany Clair Fong, Lingyi Zhao, Muyinatu Lediju Bell

Proceedings Volume 12033, 1203308 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2608426

KEYWORDS: Image segmentation, Ultrasonography, In vivo imaging, Lung, Image acquisition, Binary data, Image processing, Neural networks, Classification systems, Chest imaging

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Proceedings Article | 3 March 2022 Poster + Presentation + Paper

Poster + Presentation + Paper

Optimization of a dual wavelength atlas technique to differentiate methylene blue from hemoglobin in photoacoustic signals

Eduardo Gonzalez, Camryn Graham, Muyinatu Lediju Bell

Proceedings Volume 11960, 119600A (2022) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2607825

KEYWORDS: Blood, Chromophores, Binary data, Surgery, Principal component analysis, Optical fibers, Modulation, Image segmentation, Image classification

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Proceedings Article | 3 March 2022 Poster + Presentation + Paper

Poster + Presentation + Paper

Design and optimization of simulated light delivery systems for photoacoustic assessment of peripheral nerve injury

Muyinatu Lediju Bell, Nicholas von Guionneau, Sami Tuffaha, Michelle Graham

Proceedings Volume 11960, 1196012 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2610511

KEYWORDS: Nerve, Monte Carlo methods, Tissue optics, Injuries, Light sources, Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Photoacoustic imaging, Tissues, Axons, Collagen

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SPIE Journal Paper | 16 July 2021 Open Access

Open Access

Comparison of compressional and elastic wave simulations for patient-specific planning prior to transcranial photoacoustic-guided neurosurgery

Michelle Graham, Reese Dunne, Muyinatu A. Lediju Bell

JBO, Vol. 26, Issue 07, 076006, (July 2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.JBO.26.7.076006

KEYWORDS: Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Target detection, Acoustics, Distance measurement, Transducers, Surgery, Bone, Image compression, Photoacoustic imaging, Computer simulations

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Proceedings Article | 5 March 2021 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

Validation of eyelids as acoustic receiver locations for photoacoustic-guided neurosurgery

Michelle Graham, Francis Creighton, Muyinatu Lediju Bell

Proceedings Volume 11642, 1164228 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2582562

KEYWORDS: Acoustics, Receivers, Visualization, Sensors, Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Computer simulations, Ultrasonography, Spatial coherence, Skin, Photoacoustic imaging

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Proceedings Article | 5 March 2021 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

Generalized contrast-to-noise ratio as a metric of photoacoustic image quality

Mardava Gubbi, Kelley Kempski, Michelle Graham, Muyinatu Lediju Bell, Alycen Wiacek

Proceedings Volume 11642, 116421C (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2579055

KEYWORDS: Image quality, Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Signal to noise ratio, Target detection, Spatial coherence, Photoacoustic imaging, Phased arrays, Optical simulations, Computer simulations

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Proceedings Article | 5 March 2021 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

Photoacoustic differentiation of cortical from cancellous bone in the lumbar vertebrae of an intact human cadaver to prevent bone breaches during spinal fusion surgeries

Eduardo Gonzalez, Amit Jain, Muyinatu Lediju Bell

Proceedings Volume 11642, 1164210 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2579025

KEYWORDS: Bone, Surgery, Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Optical fibers, Ultrasonography, Transducers, Spatial coherence, Photoacoustic imaging, Natural surfaces, Laser tissue interaction

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In spinal fusion surgeries, it is critical to maintain correct trajectories during the process of creating pedicle holes for screw insertion, in order to avoid accidental bone breaches and screw misplacement, which are characterized by screws placed within surrounding cortical bone rather than the cancellous core of the pedicle. One key difference between these two bone types is the greater porosity of the cancellous bone when compared to the more dense, more compact cortical bone. This work investigates the feasibility of using photoacoustic imaging to differentiate cortical from cancellous bone in the lumbar vertebrae of an intact human cadaver, with the ultimate goal of developing a novel photoacoustic surgical system to prevent breaches. Eleven pedicle cannulations were performed in the lumbar vertebrae of a human cadaver, including six holes in the cancellous core and five partial or complete breaches of surrounding cortical bone. Amplitude-based delay-and-sum (DAS), coherence-based short-lag spatial coherence (SLSC), and locally weighted SLSC (LW-SLSC) beamforming were used to characterize differences in the morphology of photoacoustic signals originating from cancellous and cortical bone. Statistically significant differences between the median of measured areas from cortical and cancellous bone measured 6.61 mm² for -6 dB contours obtained with DAS beamforming and ranged from 2.89 mm² to 42.13 mm² for -10 dB and -15 dB contours obtained with DAS, SLSC, and LW-SLSC beamforming (p<0.001). In addition, coherence-based photoacoustic imaging enabled localization of the tip of the optical fiber that was inserted into each prepared pedicle hole. Therefore, both DAS and SLSC beamforming has the potential to synergystically detect the tip of surgical tools and differentiate between signals originating from cortical and cancellous bone. These results are promising for surgical guidance within the desired cancellous core of the pedicle and away from the surrounding cortical bone, in order to avoid costly and painful bone breaches during surgery.

Proceedings Article | 5 March 2021 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

Investigating the effects of compressional and elastic photoacoustic waves to predict transcranial photoacoustic image quality for guidance of minimally invasive neurosurgeries

Michelle Graham, Reese Dunne, Muyinatu Lediju Bell

Proceedings Volume 11631, 116310Q (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2579076

KEYWORDS: Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Image quality, Distance measurement, Visibility, Photoacoustic imaging, Image compression, Acoustics, Transducers, Temporal resolution, Phased arrays

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Proceedings Article | 5 March 2021 Presentation

Presentation

Photoacoustic vision for surgical guidance

Muyinatu Bell

Proceedings Volume 11641, 116410H (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2588959

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Proceedings Article | 5 March 2021 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

Parking sensor-inspired approach to photoacoustic-guided hysterectomy demonstrated with human cadavers

Muyinatu Lediju Bell, Karen Wang, Harold Wu, Alycen Wiacek

Proceedings Volume 11642, 116420T (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2579023

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Arteries, Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Injuries, Surgery, Laparoscopy, Distance measurement, Visualization, Uterus, Ultrasonography

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SPIE Journal Paper | 25 July 2020 Open Access

Open Access

GPU implementation of photoacoustic short-lag spatial coherence imaging for improved image-guided interventions

Eduardo Gonzalez, Muyinatu A. Lediju Bell

JBO, Vol. 25, Issue 07, 077002, (July 2020) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.JBO.25.7.077002

KEYWORDS: Visualization, Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Image segmentation, Signal to noise ratio, Laser energy, Coherence imaging, Ultrasonography, Spatial coherence, Optical tracking

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Significance: Photoacoustic-based visual servoing is a promising technique for surgical tool tip tracking and automated visualization of photoacoustic targets during interventional procedures. However, one outstanding challenge has been the reliability of obtaining segmentations using low-energy light sources that operate within existing laser safety limits. Aim: We developed the first known graphical processing unit (GPU)-based real-time implementation of short-lag spatial coherence (SLSC) beamforming for photoacoustic imaging and applied this real-time algorithm to improve signal segmentation during photoacoustic-based visual servoing with low-energy lasers. Approach: A 1-mm-core-diameter optical fiber was inserted into ex vivo bovine tissue. Photoacoustic-based visual servoing was implemented as the fiber was manually displaced by a translation stage, which provided ground truth measurements of the fiber displacement. GPU-SLSC results were compared with a central processing unit (CPU)-SLSC approach and an amplitude-based delay-and-sum (DAS) beamforming approach. Performance was additionally evaluated with in vivo cardiac data. Results: The GPU-SLSC implementation achieved frame rates up to 41.2 Hz, representing a factor of 348 speedup when compared with offline CPU-SLSC. In addition, GPU-SLSC successfully recovered low-energy signals (i.e., ≤268 μJ) with mean ± standard deviation of signal-to-noise ratios of 11.2 ± 2.4 (compared with 3.5 ± 0.8 with conventional DAS beamforming). When energies were lower than the safety limit for skin (i.e., 394.6 μJ for 900-nm wavelength laser light), the median and interquartile range (IQR) of visual servoing tracking errors obtained with GPU-SLSC were 0.64 and 0.52 mm, respectively (which were lower than the median and IQR obtained with DAS by 1.39 and 8.45 mm, respectively). GPU-SLSC additionally reduced the percentage of failed segmentations when applied to in vivo cardiac data. Conclusions: Results are promising for the use of low-energy, miniaturized lasers to perform GPU-SLSC photoacoustic-based visual servoing in the operating room with laser pulse repetition frequencies as high as 41.2 Hz.

Proceedings Article | 21 February 2020 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

Photoacoustic image guidance and robotic visual servoing to mitigate fluoroscopy during cardiac catheter interventions

Michelle Graham, Derek Allman, Fabrizio Assis, Alycen Wiacek, Eduardo Gonzalez, Mardava Gubbi, Jinxin Dong, Huayu Hou, Sarah Beck, Jonathan Chrispin, Muyinatu Lediju Bell

Proceedings Volume 11229, 112291E (2020) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2546910

KEYWORDS: Visualization, Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Heart, Fluoroscopy, Ultrasonography, Robotics, Photoacoustic imaging, Veins, Imaging systems, In vivo imaging

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Proceedings Article | 21 February 2020 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

Dual-wavelength photoacoustic imaging for guidance of hysterectomy procedures

Alycen Wiacek, Muyinatu A. Lediju Bell, Karen Wang, Harold Wu

Proceedings Volume 11229, 112291D (2020) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2544906

KEYWORDS: Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Arteries, Visualization, Photoacoustic imaging, Ultrasonography, Blood, Surgery, Absorption, Laparoscopy

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Proceedings Article | 17 February 2020 Paper

Paper

A GPU approach to real-time coherence-based photoacoustic imaging and its application to photoacoustic visual servoing

Eduardo Gonzalez, Muyinatu Bell

Proceedings Volume 11240, 1124054 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2546023

KEYWORDS: Visualization, Laser energy, Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Image segmentation, Signal to noise ratio, Ultrasonography, Imaging systems, Photoacoustic imaging, Optical fibers, Image processing

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SPIE Journal Paper | 13 August 2019 Open Access

Open Access

In vivo photoacoustic imaging of major blood vessels in the pancreas and liver during surgery

Kelley Kempski, Alycen Wiacek, Michelle Graham, Eduardo González, Bria Goodson, Derek Allman, Jasmin Palmer, Huayu Hou, Sarah Beck, Jin He, Muyinatu A. Lediju Bell

JBO, Vol. 24, Issue 12, 121905, (August 2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.JBO.24.12.121905

KEYWORDS: Liver, Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Blood vessels, In vivo imaging, Surgery, Pancreas, Photoacoustic imaging, Visualization, Tissues, Light sources

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Proceedings Article | 27 February 2019 Paper

Paper

Techniques to distinguish the ureter from the uterine artery in photoacoustic-guided hysterectomies

Alycen Wiacek, Muyinatu Lediju Bell, Karen Wang

Proceedings Volume 10878, 108785K (2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2510716

KEYWORDS: Blood, Arteries, Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Tissues, Injuries, Surgery, Visualization, Photoacoustic imaging, Laparoscopy, Ultrasonography

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Proceedings Article | 27 February 2019 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

In vivo demonstration of photoacoustic-guided liver surgery

Kelley Kempski, Alycen Wiacek, Jasmin Palmer, Michelle Graham, Eduardo González, Bria Goodson, Derek Allman, Huayu Hou, Sarah Beck, Jin He, Muyinatu Lediju Bell

Proceedings Volume 10878, 108782T (2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2510500

KEYWORDS: Liver, Surgery, Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Blood vessels, Doppler effect, Ultrasonography, In vivo imaging, Image segmentation, Visualization, Photoacoustic imaging

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Proceedings Article | 27 February 2019 Paper

Paper

A deep learning-based approach to identify in vivo catheter tips during photoacoustic-guided cardiac interventions

Derek Allman, Muyinatu Lediju Bell, Jonathan Chrispin, Fabrizio Assis

Proceedings Volume 10878, 108785E (2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2510993

KEYWORDS: Photoacoustic imaging, Machine learning, Transducers, In vivo imaging, Phased arrays, Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Computer simulations, Ultrasonography, Image segmentation, Visualization, Robotics, Data acquisition

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Proceedings Article | 27 February 2019 Paper

Paper

Visualization of custom drill bit tips in a human vertebra for photoacoustic-guided spinal fusion surgeries

Eduardo Gonzalez, Alycen Wiacek, Muyinatu Lediju Bell

Proceedings Volume 10878, 108785M (2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2510688

KEYWORDS: Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Signal to noise ratio, Visualization, Surgery, Ultrasonography, Bone, Computed tomography, Laser energy, Data acquisition, Laser drilling

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Proceedings Article | 26 February 2019 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

Simultaneous visualization of nerves and blood vessels with multispectral photoacoustic imaging for intraoperative guidance of neurosurgeries

Michelle Graham, Joanna Guo, Muyinatu Lediju Bell

Proceedings Volume 10868, 108680R (2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2508167

KEYWORDS: Blood vessels, Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Nerve, Signal to noise ratio, Ultrasonography, Visualization, Surgery, Imaging systems, Photoacoustic imaging, Spectroscopy

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Proceedings Article | 26 February 2019 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

Deep learning the sound of light to guide surgeries

Muyinatu Lediju Bell

Proceedings Volume 10868, 108680G (2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2521315

KEYWORDS: Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Network architectures, Surgery, Ultrasonography, Computer simulations, In vivo imaging, Tissues, Data modeling, Acoustics, Image acquisition

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Proceedings Article | 12 March 2018 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

Technical note: feasibility of photoacoustic guided hysterectomies with the da Vinci robot

Muyinatu Lediju Bell, Margaret Allard, Joshua Shubert

Proceedings Volume 10576, 105760A (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2293176

KEYWORDS: Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Surgery, 3D modeling, Acoustics, Arteries, Visualization, Photoacoustic imaging, Injuries, Ultrasonography, Tissue optics

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This technical note provides an overview of our work to explore the combination of photoacoustic imaging with the da Vinci surgical robot, which is often used to perform teleoperated hysterectomies (i.e., surgical removal of the uterus). Hysterectomies are the prevailing solution to treat medical conditions such as uterine cancer, endometriosis, and uterine prolapse. One complication of hysterectomies is accidental injury to the ureters located within millimeters of the uterine arteries that are severed and cauterized to hinder blood flow and enable full uterus removal. By introducing photoacoustic imaging, we aim to visualize the uterine arteries (and potentially the ureter) during this surgery. We developed a specialized light delivery system to surround a da Vinci curved scissor tool and an ultrasound probe was placed externally, representing a transvaginal approach to receive the resulting acoustic signals. Photoacoustic images were acquired while sweeping the tool across a custom 3D uterine vessel model covered in ex vivo bovine tissue that was placed between the 3D model and the light delivery system, as well as between the ultrasound probe and the 3D model (to introduce optical and acoustic scattering). Four tool orientations were explored with the scissors in either open or closed configurations. The optimal tool orientation was determined to be closed scissors with no bending of the tool’s wrist, based on measurements of signal contrast and background signal-to-noise ratios in the corresponding photoacoustic images. We also introduce a new metric, dθ, to determine when the image will change during a sweep, based on the tool position and orientation (i.e., pose), relative to previous poses. Overall, results indicate that photoacoustic imaging is a promising approach to enable visualization of the uterine arteries and thereby guide hysterectomies (and other gynecological surgeries). In addition, results can be extended to other minimally invasive da Vinci surgeries and laparoscopic instruments with similar tip geometry.

Proceedings Article | 19 February 2018 Paper

Paper

Exploring the effects of transducer models when training convolutional neural networks to eliminate reflection artifacts in experimental photoacoustic images

Derek Allman, Muyinatu Bell, Austin Reiter

Proceedings Volume 10494, 104945H (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2291279

KEYWORDS: Receivers, Data modeling, Transducers, Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Acoustics, Interference (communication), Convolutional neural networks, Wavefronts, Ultrasonography, Photoacoustic imaging

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Proceedings Article | 19 February 2018 Paper

Paper

Development and validation of a short-lag spatial coherence theory for photoacoustic imaging

Michelle Graham, Muyinatu Lediju Bell

Proceedings Volume 10494, 104945K (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2291237

KEYWORDS: Transducers, Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Spatial coherence, Ultrasonography, Acoustics, Optical simulations, Photoacoustic imaging, Image processing, Image resolution, Phased arrays

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Proceedings Article | 19 February 2018 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

A novel drill design for photoacoustic guided surgeries

Joshua Shubert, Muyinatu Lediju Bell

Proceedings Volume 10494, 104940J (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2291247

KEYWORDS: Laser drilling, Surgery, Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Prototyping, Visualization, Laser sources, Optical fibers, Interfaces, Blood vessels

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SPIE Journal Paper | 8 February 2018 Open Access

Open Access

Feasibility of photoacoustic-guided teleoperated hysterectomies

Margaret Allard, Joshua Shubert, Muyinatu Lediju Bell

JMI, Vol. 5, Issue 02, 021213, (February 2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.JMI.5.2.021213

KEYWORDS: Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Surgery, Arteries, Visualization, 3D modeling, Ultrasonography, Tissue optics, Acoustics, Signal to noise ratio, Visibility

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SPIE Journal Paper | 24 August 2017 Open Access

Open Access

Photoacoustic-based approach to surgical guidance performed with and without a da Vinci robot

Neeraj Gandhi, Margaret Allard, Sungmin Kim, Peter Kazanzides, Muyinatu Lediju Bell

JBO, Vol. 22, Issue 12, 121606, (August 2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.JBO.22.12.121606

KEYWORDS: Surgery, Visualization, Tissues, Optical fibers, Distance measurement, Imaging systems, Blood vessels, 3D modeling, Acoustics, Transducers

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Proceedings Article | 3 March 2017 Paper

Paper

A machine learning approach to identifying point source locations in photoacoustic data

Muyinatu Lediju Bell, Austin Reiter

Proceedings Volume 10064, 100643J (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2255098

KEYWORDS: Deep learning, Convolutional neural networks, Image restoration, Neural networks, Photoacoustic imaging, Visualization, Acoustics, Machine learning, Wavefronts, Surgery, Biopsy, Ultrasonography, Signal detection, Imaging systems, Image resolution

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Proceedings Article | 3 March 2017 Paper

Paper

Accuracy of a novel photoacoustic-based approach to surgical guidance performed with and without a da Vinci robot

Muyinatu Lediju Bell, Neeraj Gandhi, Peter Kazanzides, Sungmin Kim

Proceedings Volume 10064, 100642V (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2253532

KEYWORDS: Optical fibers, Visualization, Ultrasonography, Imaging systems, Navigation systems, Acoustics, Surgery, Arteries, Bone, Blood vessels, Computed tomography, Photoacoustic imaging, Distance measurement, Endoscopy

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Proceedings Article | 3 March 2017 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

Optimizing light delivery for a photoacoustic surgical system

Muyinatu Lediju Bell, Blackberrie Eddins

Proceedings Volume 10064, 100640J (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2253521

KEYWORDS: Monte Carlo methods, Arteries, Bone, Surgery, Imaging systems, Zemax, Optical design, Optical simulations, Prototyping, Visualization, Geometrical optics, Safety

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SPIE Journal Paper | 13 January 2017 Open Access

Open Access

Design of a multifiber light delivery system for photoacoustic-guided surgery

Blackberrie Eddins, Muyinatu A. Lediju Bell

JBO, Vol. 22, Issue 04, 041011, (January 2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.JBO.22.4.041011

KEYWORDS: Bone, Monte Carlo methods, Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Arteries, Surgery, Sensors, Zemax, Prototyping, Visualization, Optical simulations

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Proceedings Article | 15 March 2016 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

Experimental assessment of energy requirements and tool tip visibility for photoacoustic-guided endonasal surgery

Muyinatu Lediju Bell, Peter Kazanzides, Emad Boctor, Alicia Dagle

Proceedings Volume 9708, 97080D (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2213220

KEYWORDS: Bone, Visualization, Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Blood vessels, Surgery, Ultrasonography, Brain, Visibility, Arteries, Blood

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Proceedings Article | 11 March 2015 Paper

Paper

Quantifying bone thickness, light transmission, and contrast interrelationships in transcranial photoacoustic imaging

Muyinatu Lediju Bell, Anastasia Ostrowski, Emad Boctor, Peter Kaanzides, Ke Li

Proceedings Volume 9323, 93230C (2015) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2078613

KEYWORDS: Bone, Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Transmittance, Skull, Monte Carlo methods, Surgery, Photoacoustic imaging, Signal attenuation, Optical testing, Arteries

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SPIE Journal Paper | 2 March 2015 Open Access

Open Access

Transurethral light delivery for prostate photoacoustic imaging

Muyinatu Lediju Bell, Xiaoyu Guo, Danny Song, Emad Boctor

JBO, Vol. 20, Issue 03, 036002, (March 2015) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.JBO.20.3.036002

KEYWORDS: Prostate, Photoacoustic imaging, Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Visualization, Light sources, Phased arrays, Quartz, Monte Carlo methods, Prototyping, Tissues

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SPIE Journal Paper | 22 December 2014 Open Access

Open Access

In vivo visualization of prostate brachytherapy seeds with photoacoustic imaging

Muyinatu Lediju Bell, Nathanael Kuo, Danny Song, Jin Kang, Emad Boctor

JBO, Vol. 19, Issue 12, 126011, (December 2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.JBO.19.12.126011

KEYWORDS: Prostate, Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Ultrasonography, Visualization, In vivo imaging, Photoacoustic imaging, Computed tomography, Signal to noise ratio, Light sources, Acoustics

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SPIE Journal Paper | 23 July 2014 Open Access

Open Access

In vivo reproducibility of robotic probe placement for a novel ultrasound-guided radiation therapy system

Muyinatu Lediju Bell, H. Tutkun Sen, Iulian Iordachita, Peter Kazanzides, John Wong

JMI, Vol. 1, Issue 02, 025001, (July 2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.JMI.1.2.025001

KEYWORDS: Computed tomography, 3D modeling, Liver, Prostate, Tissues, In vivo imaging, Pancreas, Robotics, Radiotherapy, Robotic systems

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Proceedings Article | 20 March 2014 Paper

Paper

Coherence-based photoacoustic imaging of brachytherapy seeds implanted in a canine prostate

Muyinatu Lediju Bell, Danny Song, Emad Boctor

Proceedings Volume 9040, 90400Q (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2043901

KEYWORDS: Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Phased arrays, Ultrasonography, Photoacoustic imaging, Prostate, Signal to noise ratio, Visualization, Acoustics, Laser energy, In vivo imaging

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Proceedings Article | 12 March 2014 Paper

Paper

In vivo reproducibility of robotic probe placement for an integrated US-CT image-guided radiation therapy system

Muyinatu Lediju Bell, H. Tutkun Sen, Iulian Iordachita, Peter Kazanzides, John Wong

Proceedings Volume 9036, 903611 (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2043681

KEYWORDS: Computed tomography, 3D modeling, Tissues, Liver, Prostate, Radiotherapy, Ultrasonography, In vivo imaging, Pancreas, Robotics

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Radiation therapy is used to treat cancer by delivering high-dose radiation to a pre-defined target volume. Ultrasound (US) has the potential to provide real-time, image-guidance of radiation therapy to identify when a target moves outside of the treatment volume (e.g. due to breathing), but the associated probe-induced tissue deformation causes local anatomical deviations from the treatment plan. If the US probe is placed to achieve similar tissue deformations in the CT images required for treatment planning, its presence causes streak artifacts that will interfere with treatment planning calculations. To overcome these challenges, we propose robot-assisted placement of a real ultrasound probe, followed by probe removal and replacement with a geometrically-identical, CT-compatible model probe. This work is the first to investigate in vivo deformation reproducibility with the proposed approach. A dog's prostate, liver, and pancreas were each implanted with three 2.38-mm spherical metallic markers, and the US probe was placed to visualize the implanted markers in each organ. The real and model probes were automatically removed and returned to the same position (i.e. position control), and CT images were acquired with each probe placement. The model probe was also removed and returned with the same normal force measured with the real US probe (i.e. force control). Marker positions in CT images were analyzed to determine reproducibility, and a corollary reproducibility study was performed on ex vivo tissue. In vivo results indicate that tissue deformations with the real probe were repeatable under position control for the prostate, liver, and pancreas, with median 3D reproducibility of 0.3 mm, 0.3 mm, and 1.6 mm, respectively, compared to 0.6 mm for the ex vivo tissue. For the prostate, the mean 3D tissue displacement errors between the real and model probes were 0.2 mm under position control and 0.6 mm under force control, which are both within acceptable radiotherapy treatment margins. The 3D displacement errors between the real and model probes were less acceptable for the liver and pancreas (4.1-6.1 mm), and force control maintained poorer reproducibility than position control.

Proceedings Article | 3 March 2014 Paper

Paper

Feasibility of transcranial photoacoustic imaging for interventional guidance of endonasal surgeries

Muyinatu Lediju Bell, Anastasia Ostrowski, Emad Boctor, Peter Kazanzides

Proceedings Volume 8943, 894307 (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2038511

KEYWORDS: Skull, Bone, Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Surgery, Transducers, Ultrasonography, Phased arrays, Photoacoustic imaging, Visualization, Target detection

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Proceedings Article | 3 March 2014 Paper

Paper

Photoacoustic imaging of prostate brachytherapy seeds with transurethral light delivery

Xiaoyu Guo, Danny Song, Muyinatu Lediju Bell, Emad Boctor

Proceedings Volume 8943, 89430N (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2040751

KEYWORDS: Prostate, Ultrasonography, Data acquisition, Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Photoacoustic imaging, Visualization, Tissue optics, Phased arrays, Spatial coherence, Mirrors

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Proceedings Article | 3 March 2014 Paper

Paper

Freehand spatial-angular compounding of photoacoustic images

Hyun-Jae Kang, Muyinatu Lediju Bell, Xiaoyu Guo, Russell Taylor, Emad Boctor

Proceedings Volume 8943, 894361 (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2040766

KEYWORDS: Ultrasonography, Signal to noise ratio, Image registration, Image resolution, Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Photoacoustic imaging, Image quality, Ions, Interference (communication), Acoustics

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Photoacoustic (PA) imaging is an emerging medical imaging modality that relies on the absorption of optical energy and the subsequent emission of acoustic waves that are detected with a conventional ultrasound probe. PA images are susceptible to background noise artifacts that reduce the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR). We investigated spatial-angular compounding of PA images to enhance these image qualities. Spatial-angular compounding was implemented by averaging multiple PA images acquired as an ultrasound probe was rotated about the elevational axis with the laser beam and PA target fixed in the same location. An external tracking system was used to provide the position and orientation (i.e. pose) information of each PA image. Based on this pose information, frames in similar elevational planes were filtered from the acquired image data and compounded using one of two methods. One method registered overlapping signals between frames prior to compounding (using the pose information), while the second method omitted this spatial registration step. These two methods were applied to pre-beamformed RF, beamformed RF, and envelope-detected data, resulting in six different compounding pipelines. Compounded PA images with similar lateral resolution to a single reference image had factors of 1.1 - 1.6, 2.0 - 11.1, and 2.0 - 11.1 improvements in contrast, CNR, and SNR, respectively, when compared to the reference image. These improvements depended on the amount of relative motion between the reference image and the images that were compounded. The inclusion of spatial registration prior to compounding preserved lateral resolution and signal location when the relative rotations about the elevation axis were 3.5° or less for images that were within an elevational distance of 2.5 mm from the reference image, particularly when the method was applied to the enveloped-detected data. Results indicate that spatial-angular compounding has the potential to improve image quality for a variety of photoacoustic imaging applications.

Proceedings Article | 3 March 2014 Paper

Paper

In vivo photoacoustic imaging of prostate brachytherapy seeds

Muyinatu Lediju Bell, Nathanael Kuo, Danny Song, Emad Boctor, Jin Kang

Proceedings Volume 8943, 894348 (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2040817

KEYWORDS: Ultrasonography, Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Visualization, Prostate, In vivo imaging, Computed tomography, Photoacoustic imaging, Signal to noise ratio, Phased arrays, Tissue optics

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Proceedings Article | 25 March 2011 Paper

Paper

A novel imaging technique based on the spatial coherence of backscattered waves: demonstration in the presence of acoustical clutter

Jeremy Dahl, Gregg Trahey, Gianmarco Pinton, Muyinatu Lediju

Proceedings Volume 7968, 796809 (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.877721

KEYWORDS: Spatial coherence, In vivo imaging, Tissues, Signal to noise ratio, Ultrasonography, Image quality, Image visualization, Transducers, Visualization, Blood vessels

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Proceedings Article | 13 March 2009 Paper

Paper

Simulation and experimental analysis of ultrasonic clutter in fundamental and harmonic imaging

Gregg Trahey, Muyinatu Lediju, Jeremy Dahl, Gianmarco Pinton

Proceedings Volume 7265, 726509 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.813782

KEYWORDS: Bladder, Point spread functions, Tissues, Scattering, Transducers, In vivo imaging, Image quality, Ultrasonics, Ultrasonography, Wave propagation

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Showing 5 of 55 publications

Conference Committee Involvement (12)

Multiscale Imaging and Spectroscopy VI

25 January 2025 | San Francisco, California, United States

Advanced Biomedical and Clinical Diagnostic and Surgical Guidance Systems XXIII

25 January 2025 | San Francisco, California, United States

Multiscale Imaging and Spectroscopy V

27 January 2024 | San Francisco, California, United States

Advanced Biomedical and Clinical Diagnostic and Surgical Guidance Systems XXII

27 January 2024 | San Francisco, California, United States

Optoacoustic Methods and Applications in Biophotonics

25 June 2023 | Munich, Germany

Showing 5 of 12 Conference Committees

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