The present work aims to improve on the existing solutions for inverting the discrete Radon transform (DRT) by using less data, reducing computational cost, and ensuring well-conditioned and stable algorithms for the inversion.
An analytical framework and a heuristic for finding possible inverse algorithms have been proposed. The study suggests an approach for finding a fast algorithm with a complexity of O(N2 log2N) by analyzing operation trees for consecutive input sizes.
The study also discusses the impact of noise on the proposed solutions, showing that the proposed algorithms lead to a better approximation than one iteration of Press’ inversion for added random error up to 40% of the signal’s magnitude. However, restricting the number of quadrants used in the algorithm leads to increased error.
KEYWORDS: Analog electronics, Modulation, Receivers, Radio optics, Transmitters, Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, Interfaces, Field programmable gate arrays, Signal processing, Avalanche photodetectors
Face to the continuous wireless data throughput increase demand and with the aim of simplification, we carried out an architectural study as part of the European collaborative project WORTECS [1]. This study proposed to find a common architecture between wireless radio and wireless optical systems that will allow us to mutualize as much as possible the processing in order to reduce integration complexity and cost. In this paper, after introducing some characteristics about propagation model simulation, we will present common architecture between wireless radio and optical transmission schemes and argue about Graphic Unit Interface development. The main functionalities are defined through three electronic boards able to provide 2 Gbps data rates over 2 wavelengths. Then, before conclusion, we will present the software tool and be focus on preliminary results.
The information networks of the future will consist of an all-optical core, with wireless access technologies wherever possible. The fibre networks are extending their reach rapidly, and will further extend to individual spaces within homes and office buildings. The data traffic on networks and the demand for wireless services are also growing exponentially and the nature of services is also evolving with rapid increase in the number of devices. A new generation of 3D displays, with the ability to create Virtual Reality (VR) environments, is being launched. VR technology places significant demands on bandwidth, latency, positioning and mobility. One challenge addressed by our European collaborative project WORTECS is the development of an optical wireless system able to deliver ultra-high throughput (up to Tbps). The first demonstrator focuses on a high density network that can provide > 1 Gbps per user with multi user, but has the potential to provide Tbps per indoor environment. The second demonstrator focuses on ultra-high data rate links with a novel fibre-optical wireless-fibre approach to create Tbps capable links. VR is targeted as a demanding application, however, other applications include wireless data centers and aircraft cabins. In this paper, after introduction on the demand for wireless Terabit/s communication, we will focus on VR use case and the need for multi-Gigabit/s data rates. Then we will present the challenges for the project and propose new optical wireless system architecture and system engineering associated to new approach in space and frequency diversity with OFDM and adaptive bit rate for VR.
In this paper, a tool for simulating the impulse response for indoor wireless optical channels using 3D computer-aided
design (CAD) models is presented. The tool uses a simulation algorithm that relies on ray tracing techniques and the
Monte Carlo method and improves on all previous methods from a computational standpoint. The 3D scene, or the
simulation environment, can be defined using any computer-aided design (CAD) software in which the user specifies, in
addition to the setting geometry, the reflection characteristics of the surface materials as well as the structures of the
emitters and receivers involved in the simulation. Also, in an effort to improve the computational efficiency, two
optimizations are presented. The first consists of dividing the setting into cubic regions of equal size. These sub-regions
allow the program to consider only those object faces and/or surfaces that are in the ray propagation path. This first
optimization provides a calculation improvement of approximately 50%. The second involves the parallelization of the
simulation algorithm. The parallelization method proposed involves the equal and static distribution of the rays for
computation by different processors. This optimization results in a calculation speed-up that is essentially proportional to
the number of processors used.
This paper presents a study of the design of a conventional receiver structure that offers improved performance with
respect to the main IR channel parameters, such as path loss and rms delay spread. To this end, we use a recently
proposed model for the effective signal-collection area of a conventional angle-diversity receiver that is nearer to real
behaviour than the ideal model. The inclusion of this model in the Monte Carlo ray-tracing algorithm allows us to study
those optical links that are characterized by the use of these receivers and investigate the structure of the conventional
receiver that yields improve performance with respect to the IR channel parameters. Based on the obtained results, we
propose the use of a conventional receiver composed of seven branches o photodiodes. One oriented towards the ceiling,
and six looking at an elevation of 56° with a separation of 60° in azimuth. For each element, a CPC with a FOV=50° must
be used. Furthermore, the proposed structure is evaluated in a representative link budget using L-PPM modulation
schemes.
In this paper, an adaptive Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system is proposed for multiuser
communications over indoor wireless optical channels. The designed system uses multi-user least-squares
(LS) detection techniques applied to SDMA-OFDM schemes, in conjunction with angle diversity reception. The
system, which does not present an excessive complexity, supports high bit rates for multiple users, beyond
one hundred megabits per second. It also mitigates the channel fluctuations induced when either the space
distribution or the number of emitters and receivers varies. The performance of the new proposed scheme
is compared with an adaptive single-user system described in previous works. The obtained results show a
significant improvement with respect to previous adaptive single-user one, since the new scheme allows adaptively
managing the system throughput on a multi-user environment.
The indoor optical channel simulation can significantly benefit the design of high performance infrared (IR) systems, but requires algorithms and models that accurately fit the channel characteristics. One of the limitations of the IR links is the intersymbol interference caused by multipath dispersion. For fixed emitter and receiver locations, multipath dispersion is completely characterized by the channel impulse response. Therefore, to have an algorithm and a propagation model that allow us to determine the impulse response for different IR links is necessary. The use of angle-diversity receivers makes possible the reduction of the impact of ambient light noise, path loss and multipath distortion, in part by exploiting the fact that they are often received from different directions than the desired signal. Basically, there are three ways to get angle-diversity detection: using conventional, imaging or sectored receivers. In contrast to previous works, we present a model for sectored receivers, that is, a set of photodiodes placed in hemispheric form, upon which a Monte Carlo based ray-tracing algorithm allows us to obtain the impulse response and to study those optical links that are characterized by the use of sectored receivers. Using the obtained results, it is possible to establish those parameters of the sectored receiver structure that better performances present with respect to the IR channel features: the path loss and the rms delay spread.
KEYWORDS: Reflection, Solar concentrators, Receivers, Optical filters, Systems modeling, Monte Carlo methods, Compound parabolic concentrators, Reflectors, Signal detection, Infrared detectors
Recently there has been growing interest in using infrared (IR) light for broadband indoor wireless communications. There are two major limitations for establishing a wideband infrared communications link. The first and most important limit is the power requirements of such a link. The second important impairment is the intersymbol interference caused by multipath dispersion. The use of angle-diversity receiver allows to achieve high optical gain and a wide field of view simultaneously, it can reduce the impact of ambient light noise, path loss and multipath distortion, in part by exploiting the fact that they are often received from different directions than the desired signal. The advantages achieved depend on how signal received in the different elements are detect and processed. For this reason, we have developed a fast simulation tool that allows to study the influence of the IR channel and to propose new techniques and receiver structures for those systems. The indoor optical channel simulation can significantly benefit the design of high performance IR systems, but requires models that fit correctly the channel characteristics. In contrast to previous works, we define new models for the emitter, lenses, receiver, nonimaging concentrators and reflectors upon which a Monte Carlo ray-tracing algorithm allows to study different links. The inclusion of these models benefit the design of IR links since the are nearer to real behavior than the ideals models. The use of this simulation tool allowed us to analyze the behavior of several links and suggest a configuration of a receiver using angle diversity.
In this paper, the design and experimental characterization of a wireless optical transceiver for indoor applications, based on Frequency-Hopping Spread-Spectrum techniques, is presented. Using these techniques reduce the narrowband interference produced by optical sources and the intersymbol interference induced by multipath propagation. It also makes possible using the CDMA capabilities associated with Spread Spectrum, in order to improve the performances when several emitters and receivers are considered. The main drawback of these kind of systems lies on the high complexity of the synchronization system of the receiver, typically consisting on two cascaded structures: acquisition and tracking. We propose using a dual-pilot signal, transmitted by a master emitter, for reducing both complexity and cost of the synchronization stage of the receiver.
In this paper, a modified Monte Carlo algorithm for the calculation of the impulse response on infrared wireless indoor channels is presented. This work follows a guideline of studies about the infrared wireless diffuse data communications systems. As is well known, the characteristics of the room where the IR diffuse channel is implemented determine some problems in the communication as can be multipath penalty over the maximum band rate or hidden station situations. Classical algorithms require high computational effort to calculate the impulse response in a regular size room. Monte Carlo offers the possibility of validating the assumptions made for these classic algorithms (basically, the lambertian nature of all reflections) with a computational complexity that is decided by the accuracy desired by the user. It is also an structure that can be easily assumed by a parallel computer architecture. In the other hand, its main drawback is that, for a regular sized room, we need to send much more rays than the components that we receive. This is due to the fact that usually rays are not intercepted by the receiver. We have developed a mixed Monte Carlo-Deterministic algorithm which assures that each ray contributes to the final channel response function each time it rebounds with an obstacle. It increases dramatically the number of contributions and reduces, in the same way, the time required for an accurate simulation. Extensive simulation results are presented. They are compared both with other simulation methods and with measured values. We will demonstrate that the method presented here is much faster than Monte Carlo classical simulation schemes. It can be used like a method of simulation itself or as a validation algorithm for other comparative studies of pulse broadening.
KEYWORDS: Modulation, Infrared radiation, Wireless communications, Optical filters, Receivers, Local area networks, Gaussian filters, Telecommunications, Signal to noise ratio, Short wave infrared radiation
A carrier-based modem for an IR Wireless LAN (IR-WLAN) design is presented. It is based on GMSK modulation schemes. This modem is capable of operating at 2 Mb/s, but it can easily modify to work up to 4.8 Mb/s. GMSK Schemes are filtered modulation schemes with higher spectral efficiency and robustness against jitter than basic FSK. The emitter uses a pulse-conformation stage for full-digital gaussian pulse conformation. Transitions are codified and the resulting waveform is similar to the output of a gaussian filter. The main applications of the proposed GMSK modem are in the area of a full-duplex IR link. And can be applied either in point-to-point links or into a local area network. It can work without interference wither with IrDA systems (even with the proposed PPM 4.4 Mb/s link) or with IEEE 802.11-baseband link (1 or 2 Mb/s). It is also more spectral efficient and jitter resistant than PPM. Carrier-based systems can be used either in point-to-point links or in diffuse systems. For diffuse systems, this modem assumes a high level of use of the available IR spectrum, supporting at least 4 channels in a 30 MHz bandwidth. We also compare the performances of GMSK with other schemes (as can be OQPSK or FQPSK-2).
A low complexity system of optical links using indoor unguided infrared channels and direct-sequence code division multiple access is presented. Direct sequence spread spectrum techniques improve performance of optical unguided links with background illumination noise, and multipath propagation. It also allows several users to use code division multiple access, to share the same infrared channel. In the system designed, optical infrared carrier is intensity modulation by a direct-sequence spread spectrum electrical signal, driving the optical emitter. Infrared radiation is directly detected by receiver photodiode.
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