Dr. Richard A. Robb Profile

Dr. Richard A. Robb

Deceased at Mayo Clinic

SPIE Involvement:

Author

Publications (123)

Proceedings Article | 24 March 2016 Paper

Paper

Quantitative characterization of brain β-amyloid in 718 normal subjects using a joint PiB/FDG PET image histogram

Jon Camp, Dennis Hanson, Val Lowe, Bradley Kemp, Matthew Senjem, Melissa Murray, Dennis Dickson, Joseph Parisi, Ronald Petersen, Richard Robb, David Holmes

Proceedings Volume 9785, 97852V (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2217674

KEYWORDS: Positron emission tomography, Alzheimer's disease, Neuroimaging, Brain, Magnetic resonance imaging, Dementia, Statistical analysis, Diamond, Diagnostics, Imaging systems

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Proceedings Article | 18 March 2016 Paper

Paper

Feasibility of tracked electrodes for use in epilepsy surgery

David Holmes, Benjamin Brinkmann, Dennis Hanson, Gregory Worrell, Richard Robb, Leslie Holton

Proceedings Volume 9786, 97862M (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2217859

KEYWORDS: Electrodes, Magnetic tracking, Epilepsy, Distance measurement, Brain, Magnetic sensors, Sensors, Photonic integrated circuits, Magnetism, Lead, Skull, Visualization, Image registration, Electroencephalography, In vivo imaging

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Proceedings Article | 18 March 2015 Paper

Paper

Analysis of left atrial respiratory and cardiac motion for cardiac ablation therapy

M. Rettmann, D. Holmes, S. Johnson, H. Lehmann, R. Robb, D. Packer

Proceedings Volume 9415, 94152L (2015) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2081209

KEYWORDS: Veins, Motion models, Computed tomography, Magnetic resonance imaging, Motion analysis, Heart, Metals, Ultrasonography, Atrial fibrillation, Solids

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Proceedings Article | 18 March 2015 Paper

Paper

The effect of elastic modulus on ablation catheter contact area

Jon Camp, Cristian Linte, Maryam Rettmann, Deyu Sun, Douglas Packer, Richard Robb, David Holmes

Proceedings Volume 9415, 941506 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2083122

KEYWORDS: Tissues, Heart, Image quality, Ultrasonography, Imaging systems, Image segmentation, Real time imaging, Electrodes, Visualization, Magnetism

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Proceedings Article | 18 March 2015 Paper

Paper

Simulated evaluation of an intraoperative surface modeling method for catheter ablation by a real phantom simulation experiment

Deyu Sun, Maryam Rettmann, Douglas Packer, Richard Robb, David Holmes

Proceedings Volume 9415, 94152N (2015) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2082478

KEYWORDS: Ultrasonography, 3D modeling, Data modeling, Clouds, Computed tomography, Process modeling, Calibration, Image segmentation, Image registration, Computer simulations

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Proceedings Article | 24 March 2014 Paper

Paper

Quantitative characterization of brain β-amyloid using a joint PiB/FDG PET image histogram

Jon Camp, Dennis Hanson, David Holmes, Bradley Kemp, Matthew Senjem, Melissa Murray, Dennis Dickson, Joseph Parisi, Ronald Petersen, Val Lowe, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 9035, 90352A (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2042880

KEYWORDS: Positron emission tomography, Brain, Image registration, Neuroimaging, Magnetic resonance imaging, Pathology, Diagnostics, Alzheimer's disease, Proteins, Dementia

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Proceedings Article | 12 March 2014 Paper

Paper

Toward standardized mapping for left atrial analysis and cardiac ablation guidance

M. Rettmann, D. Holmes, C. Linte, D. Packer, R. Robb

Proceedings Volume 9036, 90361K (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2043191

KEYWORDS: Veins, Cameras, Image segmentation, Ray tracing, Associative arrays, Electrophysiology, Atrial fibrillation, Heart, Visualization, Standards development

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Proceedings Article | 12 March 2014 Paper

Paper

Updating a preoperative surface model with information from real-time tracked 2D ultrasound using a Poisson surface reconstruction algorithm

Deyu Sun, Maryam Rettmann, David Holmes, Cristian Linte, Douglas Packer, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 9036, 90361T (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2042510

KEYWORDS: Data modeling, 3D modeling, Ultrasonography, Clouds, Error analysis, Reconstruction algorithms, Computed tomography, Process modeling, Computer simulations, 3D image processing

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Proceedings Article | 12 March 2014 Paper

Paper

Virtual estimates of fastening strength for pedicle screw implantation procedures

Cristian Linte, Jon Camp, Kurt Augustine, Paul Huddleston, Richard Robb, David Holmes

Proceedings Volume 9036, 903617 (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2044097

KEYWORDS: Bone, Spine, Surgery, Minerals, Image segmentation, 3D image processing, Computed tomography, Image registration, Nerve, Rigid registration

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Traditional 2D images provide limited use for accurate planning of spine interventions, mainly due to the complex 3D anatomy of the spine and close proximity of nerve bundles and vascular structures that must be avoided during the procedure. Our previously developed clinician-friendly platform for spine surgery planning takes advantage of 3D pre-operative images, to enable oblique reformatting and 3D rendering of individual or multiple vertebrae, interactive templating, and placement of virtual pedicle implants. Here we extend the capabilities of the planning platform and demonstrate how the virtual templating approach not only assists with the selection of the optimal implant size and trajectory, but can also be augmented to provide surrogate estimates of the fastening strength of the implanted pedicle screws based on implant dimension and bone mineral density of the displaced bone substrate. According to the failure theories, each screw withstands a maximum holding power that is directly proportional to the screw diameter (D), the length of the in-bone segm,ent of the screw (L), and the density (i.e., bone mineral density) of the pedicle body. In this application, voxel intensity is used as a surrogate measure of the bone mineral density (BMD) of the pedicle body segment displaced by the screw. We conducted an initial assessment of the developed platform using retrospective pre- and post-operative clinical 3D CT data from four patients who underwent spine surgery, consisting of a total of 26 pedicle screws implanted in the lumbar spine. The Fastening Strength of the planned implants was directly assessed by estimating the intensity - area product across the pedicle volume displaced by the virtually implanted screw. For post-operative assessment, each vertebra was registered to its homologous counterpart in the pre-operative image using an intensity-based rigid registration followed by manual adjustment. Following registration, the Fastening Strength was computed for each displaced bone segment. According to our preliminary clinical study, a comparison between Fastening Strength, displaced bone volume and mean voxel intensity showed similar results (p < 0.1) between the virtually templated plans and the post-operative outcome following the traditional clinical approach. This study has demonstrated the feasibility of the platform in providing estimates the pedicle screw fastening strength via virtual implantation, given the intrinsic vertebral geometry and bone mineral density, enabling the selection of the optimal implant dimension adn trajectory for improved strength.

Proceedings Article | 18 March 2013 Paper

Paper

Quantitative consensus of supervised learners for diffuse lung parenchymal HRCT patterns

Sushravya Raghunath, Srinivasan Rajagopalan, Ronald Karwoski, Brian Bartholmai, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 8670, 867037 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2008110

KEYWORDS: Lung, Machine learning, Emphysema, Computed tomography, Glasses, Visualization, Expectation maximization algorithms, Pathology, Chest, Data modeling

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Proceedings Article | 15 March 2013 Paper

Paper

Segmentation of left atrial intracardiac ultrasound images for image guided cardiac ablation therapy

M. Rettmann, T. Stephens, D. Holmes, C. Linte, D. Packer, R. Robb

Proceedings Volume 8671, 86712D (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2008762

KEYWORDS: Image segmentation, Blood, Tissues, Ultrasonography, Statistical analysis, Data modeling, Error analysis, Heart, Echocardiography, Process modeling

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Proceedings Article | 8 March 2013 Paper

Paper

Image-based modeling and characterization of RF ablation lesions in cardiac arrhythmia therapy

Cristian Linte, Jon Camp, Maryam Rettmann, David Holmes, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 8671, 86710E (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2008529

KEYWORDS: Tissues, Temperature metrology, Electrodes, Natural surfaces, Visualization, 3D modeling, Fiber optics, Thermal modeling, Visual process modeling, Statistical modeling

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Proceedings Article | 16 April 2012 Paper

Paper

Validation of geometric measurements of the left atrium and pulmonary veins for analysis of reverse structural remodeling following ablation therapy

M. Rettmann, D. Holmes, M. Gunawan, X. Ge, R. Karwoski, J. Breen, D. Packer, R. Robb

Proceedings Volume 8317, 831724 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.912801

KEYWORDS: Veins, Image segmentation, Computed tomography, 3D metrology, Volume rendering, 3D imaging standards, 3D image processing, Atrial fibrillation, Visualization, Image visualization

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Proceedings Article | 16 April 2012 Paper

Paper

Fracture risk assessment: improved evaluation of vertebral integrity among metastatic cancer patients to aid in surgical decision-making

Kurt Augustine, Jon Camp, David Holmes, Paul Huddleston, Lichun Lu, Michael Yaszemski, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 8317, 83171A (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.912870

KEYWORDS: Cancer, Bone, Spine, Computed tomography, Tumors, Surgery, Image segmentation, Image analysis, Composites, Algorithm development

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Proceedings Article | 23 February 2012 Paper

Paper

Active relearning for robust supervised classification of pulmonary emphysema

Sushravya Raghunath, Srinivasan Rajagopalan, Ronald Karwoski, Brian Bartholmai, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 8315, 83152Q (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.911648

KEYWORDS: Emphysema, Statistical modeling, Computed tomography, Radiology, Chest, Lung, Spatial resolution, Diffractive optical elements, Diagnostics, Image classification

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Proceedings Article | 23 February 2012 Paper

Paper

Effect of denoising on supervised lung parenchymal clusters

Padmapriya Jayamani, Sushravya Raghunath, Srinivasan Rajagopalan, Ronald Karwoski, Brian Bartholmai, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 8315, 83152X (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.911650

KEYWORDS: Denoising, Lung, Glasses, Computed tomography, Emphysema, Quality measurement, Medical imaging, Signal to noise ratio, Quantitative analysis, Sensors

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Proceedings Article | 23 February 2012 Paper

Paper

Automating the expert consensus paradigm for robust lung tissue classification

Srinivasan Rajagopalan, Ronald Karwoski, Sushravya Raghunath, Brian Bartholmai, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 8315, 831530 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.912009

KEYWORDS: Lung, Visualization, Tissues, Computed tomography, Glasses, Emphysema, Resolution enhancement technologies, Reliability, Sensors, Chest

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Proceedings Article | 17 February 2012 Paper

Paper

Calibration and evaluation of a magnetically tracked ICE probe for guidance of left atrial ablation therapy

Cristian Linte, Maryam Rettmann, Ben Dilger, Mia Gunawan, Shivaram Arunachalam, David Holmes, Douglas Packer, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 8316, 83162P (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.912869

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Visualization, Optical tracking, 3D acquisition, 3D modeling, Transducers, 3D image processing, Optical spheres, Prototyping, Imaging systems

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The novel prototype system for advanced visualization for image-guided left atrial ablation therapy developed in our laboratory permits ready integration of multiple imaging modalities, surgical instrument tracking, interventional devices and electro-physiologic data. This technology allows subject-specific procedure planning and guidance using 3D dynamic, patient-specific models of the patient's heart, augmented with real-time intracardiac echocardiography (ICE). In order for the 2D ICE images to provide intuitive visualization for accurate catheter to surgical target navigation, the transducer must be tracked, so that the acquired images can be appropriately presented with respect to the patient-specific anatomy. Here we present the implementation of a previously developed ultrasound calibration technique for a magnetically tracked ICE transducer, along with a series of evaluation methods to ensure accurate imaging and faithful representation of the imaged structures. Using an engineering-designed phantom, target localization accuracy is assessed by comparing known target locations with their transformed locations inferred from the tracked US images. In addition, the 3D volume reconstruction accuracy is also estimated by comparing a truth volume to that reconstructed from sequential 2D US images. Clinically emulating validation studies are conducted using a patient-specific left atrial phantom. Target localization error of clinically-relevant surgical targets represented by nylon fiducials implanted within the endocardial wall of the phantom was assessed. Our studies have demonstrated 2.4 ± 0.8 mm target localization error in the engineering-designed evaluation phantoms, 94.8 ± 4.6 % volume reconstruction accuracy, and 3.1 ± 1.2 mm target localization error in the left atrial-mimicking phantom. These results are consistent with those disseminated in the literature and also with the accuracy constraints imposed by the employed technology and the clinical application.

Proceedings Article | 2 March 2011 Paper

Paper

Incorporating a Gaussian model at the catheter tip for improved registration of preoperative surface models

M. Rettmann, D. Holmes, D. Packer, R. A. Robb

Proceedings Volume 7964, 796411 (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.879242

KEYWORDS: Veins, Binary data, Atrial fibrillation, Visualization, Computed tomography, Clouds, Animal model studies, Statistical modeling, Image registration, Heart

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Proceedings Article | 27 February 2010 Paper

Paper

A novel technique for analysis of accuracy of magnetic tracking systems used in image guided surgery

David Kwartowitz, Marayam Rettmann, David Holmes, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 7625, 76251L (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.844341

KEYWORDS: Magnetic tracking, Image-guided intervention, Surgery, Optical tracking, Magnetism, Auroras, Image registration, Data modeling, Biological research, Target acquisition

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Proceedings Article | 27 February 2010 Paper

Paper

Plan to procedure: combining 3D templating with rapid prototyping to enhance pedicle screw placement

Kurt Augustine, Anthony Stans, Jonathan Morris, Paul Huddleston, Jane Matsumoto, David Holmes, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 7625, 76250S (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.845629

KEYWORDS: 3D modeling, Surgery, Spine, Data modeling, Rapid manufacturing, 3D image processing, Computed tomography, Visualization, Printing, Software development

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Proceedings Article | 16 March 2009 Paper

Paper

Evaluating optimal CNR as a preset criteria for nonlinear moidal blending of dual energy CT data

D. Holmes, A. Apel, J. Fletcher, L. Guimaraes, C. Eusemann, R. Robb

Proceedings Volume 7261, 726123 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.813901

KEYWORDS: Dual energy imaging, Liver, Visualization, Computed tomography, Image visualization, Statistical analysis, Tissues, Scanners, X-ray computed tomography, X-ray imaging

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Proceedings Article | 13 March 2009 Paper

Paper

Real-time video fusion using a distributed architecture in robotic surgery

David Kwartowitz, Maryam Rettmann, David Holmes, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 7261, 72610Z (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.813432

KEYWORDS: Video, Databases, Computing systems, Image processing, Video processing, Surgery, Robotic surgery, Data processing, Computer architecture, Navigation systems

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Proceedings Article | 28 February 2009 Paper

Paper

3D registration of micro PET-CT for measurable correlates of dyspeptic symptoms in mice

Jon Camp, Kathryn Simpson, Michael Bardsley, Laura Popko, David Young, Bradley Kemp, Val Lowe, Tamas Ordog, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 7262, 72620Z (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.811408

KEYWORDS: Image registration, Positron emission tomography, Computed tomography, Brain, Visualization, Magnetic resonance imaging, Neuroimaging, Skull, 3D image processing, Image resolution

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Proceedings Article | 28 February 2009 Paper

Paper

Identification of left pulmonary vein ostia using centerline tracking

M. Rettmann, D. Holmes, D. Packer, R. Robb

Proceedings Volume 7262, 726228 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.813450

KEYWORDS: Veins, Medical imaging, Biomedical optics, Functional imaging, Current controlled current source, Structural imaging, Volume rendering, Computed tomography, 3D image processing

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Proceedings Article | 28 February 2009 Paper

Paper

Automated quantification of lumbar vertebral kinematics from dynamic fluoroscopic sequences

Jon Camp, Kristin Zhao, Etienne Morel, Dan White, Dixon Magnuson, Ralph Gay, Kai-Nan An, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 7260, 72603M (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.811405

KEYWORDS: Image registration, Kinematics, Spine, Fluoroscopy, Motion measurement, Sensors, Data acquisition, Databases, Motion analysis, Software development

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Proceedings Article | 20 March 2008 Paper

Paper

Processing of CT images for analysis of diffuse lung disease in the lung tissue research consortium

Ronald Karwoski, Brian Bartholmai, Vanessa Zavaletta, David Holmes, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 6916, 691614 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.773159

KEYWORDS: Lung, Tissues, Image segmentation, Computed tomography, Emphysema, Databases, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Glasses, Image processing, Image analysis

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The goal of Lung Tissue Resource Consortium (LTRC) is to improve the management of diffuse lung diseases through a better understanding of the biology of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and fibrotic interstitial lung disease (ILD) including Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF). Participants are subjected to a battery of tests including tissue biopsies, physiologic testing, clinical history reporting, and CT scanning of the chest. The LTRC is a repository from which investigators can request tissue specimens and test results as well as semi-quantitative radiology reports, pathology reports, and automated quantitative image analysis results from the CT scan data performed by the LTRC core laboratories. The LTRC Radiology Core Laboratory (RCL), in conjunction with the Biomedical Imaging Resource (BIR), has developed novel processing methods for comprehensive characterization of pulmonary processes on volumetric high-resolution CT scans to quantify how these diseases manifest in radiographic images. Specifically, the RCL has implemented a semi-automated method for segmenting the anatomical regions of the lungs and airways. In these anatomic regions, automated quantification of pathologic features of disease including emphysema volumes and tissue classification are performed using both threshold techniques and advanced texture measures to determine the extent and location of emphysema, ground glass opacities, "honeycombing" (HC) and "irregular linear" or "reticular" pulmonary infiltrates and normal lung. Wall thickness measurements of the trachea, and its branches to the 3^rd and limited 4^th order are also computed. The methods for processing, segmentation and quantification are described. The results are reviewed and verified by an expert radiologist following processing and stored in the public LTRC database for use by pulmonary researchers. To date, over 1200 CT scans have been processed by the RCL and the LTRC project is on target for recruitment of the 2200 patients with 1800 CT scans in the repository for the 5-year effort. Ongoing analysis of the results in the LTRC database by the LTRC participating institutions and outside investigators are underway to look at the clinical and physiological significance of the imaging features of these diseases and correlate these findings with quality of life and other important prognostic indicators of severity. In the future, the quantitative measures of disease may have greater utility by showing correlation with prognosis, disease severity and other physiological parameters. These imaging features may provide non-invasive alternative endpoints or surrogate markers to alleviate the need for tissue biopsy or provide an accurate means to monitor rate of disease progression or response to therapy.

Proceedings Article | 17 March 2008 Paper

Paper

Developing patient-specific anatomic models for validation of cardiac ablation guidance procedures

David Holmes, Maryam Rettmann, Bruce Cameron, Jon Camp, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 6918, 69181W (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.773215

KEYWORDS: Blood, Image segmentation, Data modeling, Platinum, Silicon, Image registration, 3D modeling, Animal model studies, Tissues, Ultrasonography

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Proceedings Article | 17 March 2008 Paper

Paper

Optimization of spine surgery planning with 3D image templating tools

Kurt Augustine, Paul Huddleston, David Holmes, Shyam Shridharani, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 6918, 69181L (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.769558

KEYWORDS: Surgery, Spine, 3D image processing, 3D metrology, Radiography, Visualization, 3D modeling, Image visualization, Computed tomography, Safety

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Proceedings Article | 12 March 2008 Paper

Paper

Validation of semi-automatic segmentation of the left atrium

M. Rettmann, D. Holmes, J. Camp, D. Packer, R. Robb

Proceedings Volume 6916, 691625 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.773097

KEYWORDS: Veins, Image segmentation, Medical imaging, Blood, Visualization, Physiology, Atrial fibrillation, Heart, Visual process modeling

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Catheter ablation therapy has become increasingly popular for the treatment of left atrial fibrillation. The effect of this treatment on left atrial morphology, however, has not yet been completely quantified. Initial studies have indicated a decrease in left atrial size with a concomitant decrease in pulmonary vein diameter. In order to effectively study if catheter based therapies affect left atrial geometry, robust segmentations with minimal user interaction are required. In this work, we validate a method to semi-automatically segment the left atrium from computed-tomography scans. The first step of the technique utilizes seeded region growing to extract the entire blood pool including the four chambers of the heart, the pulmonary veins, aorta, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and other surrounding structures. Next, the left atrium and pulmonary veins are separated from the rest of the blood pool using an algorithm that searches for thin connections between user defined points in the volumetric data or on a surface rendering. Finally, pulmonary veins are separated from the left atrium using a three dimensional tracing tool. A single user segmented three datasets three times using both the semi-automatic technique as well as manual tracing. The user interaction time for the semi-automatic technique was approximately forty-five minutes per dataset and the manual tracing required between four and eight hours per dataset depending on the number of slices. A truth model was generated using a simple voting scheme on the repeated manual segmentations. A second user segmented each of the nine datasets using the semi-automatic technique only. Several metrics were computed to assess the agreement between the semi-automatic technique and the truth model including percent differences in left atrial volume, DICE overlap, and mean distance between the boundaries of the segmented left atria. Overall, the semi-automatic approach was demonstrated to be repeatable within and between raters, and accurate when compared to the truth model. Finally, we generated a visualization to assess the spatial variability in the segmentation errors between the semi-automatic approach and the truth model. The visualization demonstrates the highest errors occur at the boundaries between the left atium and pulmonary veins as well as the left atrium and left atrial appendage. In conclusion, we describe a semi-automatic approach for left atrial segmentation that demonstrates repeatability and accuracy, with the advantage of significant time reduction in user interaction time.

Proceedings Article | 5 March 2008 Paper

Paper

Dual energy CT: How to best blend both energies in one fused image?

Christian Eusemann, David Holmes, Bernhard Schmidt, Thomas Flohr, Richard Robb, Cynthia McCollough, David Hough, James Huprich, Michael Wittmer, Hasan Siddiki, Joel Fletcher

Proceedings Volume 6918, 691803 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.773095

KEYWORDS: Pancreas, Dual energy imaging, Visualization, Computed tomography, Signal attenuation, Tissues, Scanners, X-ray computed tomography, Image resolution, X-ray imaging

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In x-ray based imaging, attenuation depends on the type of tissue scanned and the average energy level of the x-ray beam, which can be adjusted via the x-ray tube potential. Conventional computed tomography (CT) imaging uses a single kV value, usually 120kV. Dual energy CT uses two different tube potentials (e.g. 80kV & 140kV) to obtain two image datasets with different attenuation characteristics. This difference in attenuation levels allows for classification of the composition of the tissues. In addition, the different energies significantly influence the contrast resolution and noise characteristics of the two image datasets. 80kV images provide greater contrast resolution than 140kV, but are limited because of increased noise. While dual-energy CT may provide useful clinical information, the question arises as to how to best realize and visualize this benefit. In conventional single energy CT, patient image data is presented to the physicians using well understood organ specific window and level settings. Instead of viewing two data series (one for each tube potential), the images are most often fused into a single image dataset using a linear mixing of the data with a 70% 140kV and a 30% 80kV mixing ratio, as available on one commercial systems. This ratio provides a reasonable representation of the anatomy/pathology, however due to the linear nature of the blending, the advantages of each dataset (contrast or sharpness) is partially offset by its drawbacks (blurring or noise). This project evaluated a variety of organ specific linear and non-linear mixing algorithms to optimize the blending of the low and high kV information for display in a way that combines the benefits (contrast and sharpness) of both energies in a single image. A blinded review analysis by subspecialty abdominal radiologists found that, unique, tunable, non-linear mixing algorithms that we developed outperformed linear, fixed mixing for a variety of different organs and pathologies of interest.

Proceedings Article | 10 May 2007 Paper

Paper

Nonlinear histogram binning for quantitative analysis of lung tissue fibrosis in high-resolution CT data

Vanessa Zavaletta, Brian Bartholmai, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 6511, 65111Q (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.710220

KEYWORDS: Lung, Tissues, Computed tomography, Glasses, Emphysema, Statistical analysis, Computer programming, Matrices, Error analysis, Quantitative analysis

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Proceedings Article | 29 March 2007 Paper

Paper

Computer aided classification of cell nuclei in the gastrointestinal tract by volume and principal axis

Ann Sagstetter, Jon Camp, Matthew Lurken, Joseph Szurszewski, Gianrico Farrugia, Simon Gibbons, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 6514, 65140E (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.710274

KEYWORDS: Tissues, Confocal microscopy, Neurons, Image analysis, Spindles, Principal component analysis, 3D image processing, Image classification, Glia, Sensors

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Proceedings Article | 21 March 2006 Paper

Paper

Fourier-domain based datacentric performance ranking of competing medical image processing algorithms

Srinivasan Rajagopalan, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 6144, 614471 (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.653949

KEYWORDS: Distortion, Image quality, Image processing, Visualization, Image compression, Magnetic resonance imaging, Medical imaging, Data processing, Signal to noise ratio, Binary data

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Proceedings Article | 20 March 2006 Paper

Paper

Implications of MR contrast standardization on image computing

Srinivasan Rajagopalan, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 6144, 61446L (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.653959

KEYWORDS: Skull, Brain, Magnetic resonance imaging, Tissues, Image processing, Image segmentation, Image processing algorithms and systems, Databases, Stochastic processes, Magnetism

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Proceedings Article | 20 March 2006 Paper

Paper

Prior-information-driven multiple contrast projection of T₂ weighted magnetic resonance images

Srinivasan Rajagopalan, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 6144, 61446K (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.653956

KEYWORDS: Magnetic resonance imaging, Tissues, Image processing, Brain, Neuroimaging, Image enhancement, Signal to noise ratio, Scanners, Diagnostics, Tolerancing

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Proceedings Article | 15 March 2006 Paper

Paper

Shortest path adjusted similarity metrics for resolving boundary perturbations in scaffold images for tissue engineering

Srinivasan Rajagopalan, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 6144, 61444E (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.654000

KEYWORDS: Image segmentation, Binary data, Tissue engineering, Image processing, Stochastic processes, Visualization, Ecology, Image processing algorithms and systems, Tissues, Medical imaging

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Proceedings Article | 14 March 2006 Paper

Paper

Volumetric CT measurement of the ischial tuberosities for designing analytical models of decubitus ulcers

David Holmes, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 6141, 614120 (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.653507

KEYWORDS: Bone, Tissues, Skin, Computed tomography, Data modeling, Medicine, Biomedical optics, Visualization, 3D image processing, 3D metrology

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Proceedings Article | 13 March 2006 Paper

Paper

Geometric modeling, functional parameter calculation, and visualization of the in-vivo distended rectal wall

Clifton Haider, Armando Manduca, Jon Camp, Joel Fletcher, Richard Robb, Adil Bharucha

Proceedings Volume 6143, 61431D (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.653601

KEYWORDS: Rectum, Colon, Magnetic resonance imaging, Image segmentation, Binary data, Visualization, In vivo imaging, Visual process modeling, Pathophysiology, Image acquisition

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The rectum can distend to accommodate stool, and contracts in response to distention during defecation. Rectal motor dysfunctions are implicated in the pathophysiology of functional defecation disorders and fecal incontinence. These rectal motor functions can be studied by intra-luminal measurements of pressure by manometry, or combined with volume during rectal balloon distention. Pressure-volume (p-v) relationships provide a global index of rectal mechanical properties. However, balloon distention alone does not measure luminal radius or wall thickness, which are necessary to compute wall tension and stress respectively. It has been suggested that the elastic modulus, which is the linear slope of the stress-strain relationship, is a more accurate measure of wall stiffness. Also, measurements of compliance may not reflect differences in rectal diameter between subjects prior to inflation, and imaging is necessary to determine if, as has been suggested, rectal pressure-volume relationships are affected by extra-rectal structures. We have developed a technique to measure rectal stress:strain relationships in humans, by simultaneous magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) during rectal balloon distention. After a conditioning distention, a rectal balloon was distended with water from 0 to 400 ml in 50 ml steps, and imaged at each step with MRI. The fluid filled balloon was segmented from each volume, the phase-ordered binary volumes were transformed into a geometric characterization of the inflated rectal surface. Taken together with measurements of balloon pressure and of rectal wall thickness, this model of the rectal surface was used to calculate regional values of curvature, tension, strain, and stress for the rectum. In summary, this technique has the unique ability to non-invasively measure the rectal stress:strain relationship and also determine if rectal expansion is limited by extra-rectal structures. This functional information allows the direct clinical analysis of rectal motor function and offers the potential for characterizing abnormal mechanical properties of the rectal wall in disease.

Proceedings Article | 13 March 2006 Paper

Paper

Virtual cardioscopy: interactive endocardial visualization to guide RF cardiac ablation

David Holmes, Maryam Rettmann, Bruce Cameron, Jon Camp, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 6143, 614316 (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.654255

KEYWORDS: Visualization, Endoscopy, Data modeling, Heart, Systems modeling, Biomedical optics, Associative arrays, Data acquisition, Medical imaging, Imaging systems

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Proceedings Article | 13 March 2006 Paper

Paper

Comprehensive, powerful, efficient, intuitive: a new software framework for clinical imaging applications

Kurt Augustine, David Holmes, Dennis Hanson, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 6141, 61410N (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.653665

KEYWORDS: Image processing, Image analysis, Image visualization, Visualization, Human-machine interfaces, Medical imaging, Image segmentation, Image fusion, Software frameworks, Medicine

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Proceedings Article | 13 March 2006 Paper

Paper

Using ChromaFlo intra-vascular ultrasound (IVUS) to analyze adventitial vasa vasorum distribution: considerations and recommendations

Abena Redwood, David Holmes, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 6143, 614309 (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.653524

KEYWORDS: Intravascular ultrasound, Image segmentation, In vivo imaging, Arteries, Ultrasonography, Blood vessels, Blood circulation, Visualization, Blood, Biological research

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Proceedings Article | 13 March 2006 Paper

Paper

High resolution multi-detector CT aided tissue analysis and quantification of lung fibrosis

Vanessa Zavaletta, Ronald Karwoski, Brian Bartholmai, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 6143, 61432Z (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.653450

KEYWORDS: Lung, Tissues, Computed tomography, Image resolution, Visualization, Image segmentation, Image analysis, Error analysis, Pulmonary fibrosis, Pulmonary function tests

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Proceedings Article | 13 March 2006 Paper

Paper

A piecewise function-to-structure registration algorithm for image guided cardiac catheter ablation

Yi Su, David Holmes, Maryam Rettmann, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 6141, 614117 (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.652608

KEYWORDS: Image registration, Clouds, Veins, Associative arrays, Heart, Data modeling, Image restoration, Atrial fibrillation, Data acquisition, Visualization

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Proceedings Article | 10 March 2006 Paper

Paper

Seed based registration for intraoperative brachytherapy dosimetry: a comparison of methods

Yi Su, Brian Davis, Michael Herman, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 6144, 61442R (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.653277

KEYWORDS: Image registration, Prostate, Annealing, Ultrasonography, Binary data, Fluoroscopy, Medical imaging, Device simulation, Computer simulations, Visualization

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Proceedings Article | 10 March 2006 Paper

Paper

Stochastic modeling, virtual refinement, and deterministic fabrication of tissue engineering scaffolds

Srinivasan Rajagopalan, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 6141, 61411M (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.653942

KEYWORDS: Tissues, Stochastic processes, Tissue engineering, Fabrication, Image filtering, Computer architecture, Solids, Analog electronics, Nonlinear filtering, Throat

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Proceedings Article | 10 March 2006 Paper

Paper

Image-based metrology of porous tissue engineering scaffolds

Srinivasan Rajagopalan, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 6144, 61441L (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.653938

KEYWORDS: Tissues, Throat, Tissue engineering, Stochastic processes, Metrology, Natural surfaces, Bone, 3D image processing, Solids, Image segmentation

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Proceedings Article | 29 April 2005 Paper

Paper

Seed image reconstruction using a template matching technique

Yi Su, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 5747, (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.594396

KEYWORDS: Image restoration, Image processing, Prostate, 3D image reconstruction, 3D image processing, Fluoroscopy, Medical imaging, Binary data, Image segmentation, 3D modeling

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Proceedings Article | 29 April 2005 Paper

Paper

Assessment of similarity indices to quantify segmentation accuracy of scaffold images for tissue engineering

Srinivasan Rajagopalan, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 5747, (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.594654

KEYWORDS: Image segmentation, Binary data, Image processing, Tissue engineering, Tissues, Polymers, Ecology, Toxicology, Stochastic processes, Patents

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Proceedings Article | 29 April 2005 Paper

Paper

Robust fast automatic skull stripping of MRI-T2 data

Srinivasan Rajagopalan, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 5747, (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.594651

KEYWORDS: Skull, Brain, Magnetic resonance imaging, Neuroimaging, Image processing, Tissues, Image segmentation, Image registration, Data acquisition, Image analysis

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Proceedings Article | 29 April 2005 Paper

Paper

Semiautomatic segmentation of the heart from CT images based on intensity and morphological features

Abena Redwood, Jon Camp, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 5747, (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.595789

KEYWORDS: Image segmentation, Heart, Blood vessels, Tissues, Arteries, Visualization, Veins, Reliability, X-ray computed tomography, Software development

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Proceedings Article | 12 April 2005 Paper

Paper

Automated segmentation of the lungs from high resolution CT images for quantitative study of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases

Ishita Garg, Ronald Karwoski, Jon Camp, Brian Bartholmai, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 5744, (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.595827

KEYWORDS: Image segmentation, Lung, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Spherical lenses, Computed tomography, Diagnostics, Emphysema, Image resolution, Visualization, Image processing

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Proceedings Article | 12 April 2005 Paper

Paper

Geometric modeling of space-optimal unit-cell-based tissue engineering scaffolds

Srinivasan Rajagopalan, Lichun Lu, Michael Yaszemski, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 5744, (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.594602

KEYWORDS: Natural surfaces, Tissues, Tissue engineering, Rapid manufacturing, Fabrication, Computer aided diagnosis and therapy, Solids, Biomimetics, Computer aided design, Instrument modeling

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Proceedings Article | 12 April 2005 Paper

Paper

Parametric modeling for quantitative analysis of pulmonary structure to function relationships

Clifton Haider, Brian Bartholmai, David Holmes, Jon Camp, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 5744, (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.595244

KEYWORDS: Lung, Computed tomography, Physiology, Magnetic resonance imaging, Data modeling, Visualization, Mechanics, Chest, Spirometry, 3D modeling

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Proceedings Article | 6 April 2005 Paper

Paper

Phase-based image quality assessment

Srinivasan Rajagopalan, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 5749, (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.594655

KEYWORDS: Image quality, Visualization, Image compression, Image processing, Distortion, Magnetic resonance imaging, Quality measurement, Medical imaging, Receivers, Signal to noise ratio

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Proceedings Article | 12 May 2004 Paper

Paper

Evaluation of thresholding techniques for segmenting scaffold images in tissue engineering

Srinivasan Rajagopalan, Michael Yaszemski, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 5370, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.535927

KEYWORDS: Tissues, Image segmentation, Tissue engineering, Polymers, Image processing algorithms and systems, Visualization, Stochastic processes, Bone, Quantitative analysis, Manufacturing

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Proceedings Article | 12 May 2004 Paper

Paper

A method for size estimation for small objects and its application in brachytherapy seed identification

Yi Su, Brian Davis, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 5370, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.535426

KEYWORDS: Image segmentation, Binary data, Error analysis, Point spread functions, Prostate, Image processing, Reconstruction algorithms, Imaging systems, Image classification, Biological research

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Proceedings Article | 5 May 2004 Paper

Paper

Fluoroscopy to ultrasound image registration using implanted seeds as fiducials during permanent prostate brachytherapy

Yi Su, Brian Davis, Michael Herman, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 5367, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.535383

KEYWORDS: Image registration, Prostate, Computed tomography, Ultrasonography, Image segmentation, Fluoroscopy, Image fusion, Medical imaging, Clouds, Radiation dosimetry

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Proceedings Article | 5 May 2004 Paper

Paper

Improved automated brachytherapy seed localization in trans-urethral ultrasound data

David Holmes, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 5367, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.535865

KEYWORDS: Image segmentation, Prostate, Fuzzy logic, Ultrasonography, Data acquisition, Prostate cancer, Binary data, Tissues, Image processing, Cancer

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Proceedings Article | 5 May 2004 Paper

Paper

Modeling the functional repair of nervous tissue in spinal cord injury

Sara Mantila, Jon Camp, Aaron Krych, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 5367, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.534086

KEYWORDS: Axons, Spinal cord, Image segmentation, 3D modeling, Injuries, 3D image processing, Image registration, Nervous system, Nerve regeneration, Image analysis

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Proceedings Article | 5 May 2004 Paper

Paper

Registration, segmentation, and visualization of confocal microscopy images of arterial thrombus

Ishita Garg, Jon Camp, Robert McBane, Waldemar Wysokinski, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 5367, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.535293

KEYWORDS: Visualization, Image segmentation, Image registration, Atrial fibrillation, Opacity, Tissues, Confocal microscopy, Software development, Biological research, Volume visualization

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Proceedings Article | 5 May 2004 Paper

Paper

High-resolution three-dimensional Talairach labels for human brain mapping using shape-based interpolation

Srinivasan Rajagopalan, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 5367, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.535911

KEYWORDS: Brain, Brain mapping, Neuroimaging, Algorithm development, Binary data, 3D image processing, Databases, Visualization, Image resolution, Functional imaging

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Proceedings Article | 5 May 2004 Paper

Paper

3D imaging and modeling of the middle and inner ear

Fopefolu Folowosele, Jon Camp, Robert Brey, John Lane, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 5367, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.535364

KEYWORDS: Ear, Bone, 3D modeling, Image segmentation, Magnetic resonance imaging, Nerve, 3D image processing, 3D displays, Cameras, Stereoscopy

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Proceedings Article | 5 May 2004 Paper

Paper

Temporal and spatial resolution required for imaging myocardial function

Christian Eusemann, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 5367, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.533546

KEYWORDS: Spatial resolution, Temporal resolution, Image segmentation, Error analysis, Visualization, Heart, Binary data, Optical tracking, Motion models, Computed tomography

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Proceedings Article | 5 May 2004 Paper

Paper

ITK and ANALYZE: a synergistic integration

Kurt Augustine, David Holmes, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 5367, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.533484

KEYWORDS: Image segmentation, Human-machine interfaces, Image registration, Visualization, Analytical research, Image processing, Biomedical optics, Image processing algorithms and systems, Image visualization, Biological research

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Proceedings Article | 30 April 2004 Paper

Paper

System for the analysis of whole-bone strength from helical CT images

Jon Camp, Ronald Karwoski, Mahlon Stacy, Elizabeth Atkinson, Sundeep Khosla, L. Joseph Melton, B. Lawrence Riggs, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 5369, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.535745

KEYWORDS: Bone, Neck, Image segmentation, Minerals, Computed tomography, Databases, 3D image processing, Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, Image processing, Spine

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Proceedings Article | 30 May 2003 Paper

Paper

Semi-automated evaluation of high-resolution MRI for preoperative cochlear implant screening

Mambidzeni Madzivire, Jon Camp, John Lane, Robert Witte, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 5029, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.479625

KEYWORDS: Image segmentation, Nerve, Image processing, Magnetic resonance imaging, Binary data, Image filtering, Scanners, Visualization, Signal attenuation, Ear

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The success of cochlear implants is contingent on a functioning auditory nerve. An accurate non-invasive method of screening cochlear implant candidates for quantitative measurement of auditory nerve viability would allow physicians to better determine the likelihood for success of the procedure. Previous studies have indicated a relationship between auditory nerve diameters and their functionality. In order to investigate this finding, we made morphological measurements of the auditory and facial nerves and correlated these measurements with audiologic test results. In addition, we developed a technique to segment a portion of the nerves with minimal user interaction. The study included 11 cochlear implant candidates. Non-invasive high-resolution bilateral MR images were acquired from 3T and 1.5T scanners using either CISS or Fast Spin Echo sequences. The images were processed with an anisotropic diffusion filter to enhance the edges of the nerves. Segmentation involved morphological processing of the original filtered image to produce a related binary image, which was then subtracted from the original image at a suitable threshold to isolate the auditory and facial nerves from other structures in the internal auditory canal. The volumes of the auditory nerve and the facial nerve were computed from the five best continuously segmented saggital slices, and the corresponding ratios were then determined. Preliminary analysis of the segmentation process suggests that this method is most effective on images acquired using the CISS sequence. Correlation of the measurements of the subjects to the findings of collaborating audiologists was carried out. Preliminary results suggest there is a threshold of ratios below which a value is indicative of a degenerated nerve, and consequently a higher risk for unsuccessful cochlear implant. A semi-automated segmentation technique was developed which allows effective segmentation of multiple slices of MRI data. Since the segmentation and measurement processes require little user interaction, the results are significantly reproducible. In addition to this, volume measurements increase accuracy. This technique requires less than ten minutes for completion of one case by an experienced operator. This is a promising technique that should allow accurate, reproducible and rapid segmentation of the auditory and facial nerves for volume measurements in assessment of nerve viability. The information provided by these measurements can assist physicians in determination before the procedure of the efficacy of a cochlear implant.

Proceedings Article | 30 May 2003 Paper

Paper

Piecewise registration for point-to-surface mapping of cardiac data

Steven Harris, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 5029, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.479589

KEYWORDS: Veins, Image registration, Heart, Rigid registration, Algorithm development, Visualization, Data acquisition, Visual analytics, Associative arrays, Image segmentation

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Proceedings Article | 30 May 2003 Paper

Paper

Independent component analysis assisted unsupervised multispectral classification

Srinivasan Rajagopalan, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 5029, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.479606

KEYWORDS: Independent component analysis, Magnetic resonance imaging, Principal component analysis, Image classification, Tissues, Brain, Neuroimaging, Scene classification, Multispectral imaging, Data modeling

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Proceedings Article | 30 May 2003 Paper

Paper

Digital dissection system for medical school anatomy training

Kurt Augustine, Wojciech Pawlina, Stephen Carmichael, Mark Korinek, Kathryn Schroeder, Colin Segovis, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 5029, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.479788

KEYWORDS: Visualization, Cameras, 3D visualizations, Control systems, Digital photography, Photography, Imaging systems, Image processing, Digital video recorders, Digital cameras

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As technology advances, new and innovative ways of viewing and visualizing the human body are developed. Medicine has benefited greatly from imaging modalities that provide ways for us to visualize anatomy that cannot be seen without invasive procedures. As long as medical procedures include invasive operations, students of anatomy will benefit from the cadaveric dissection experience. Teaching proper technique for dissection of human cadavers is a challenging task for anatomy educators. Traditional methods, which have not changed significantly for centuries, include the use of textbooks and pictures to show students what a particular dissection specimen should look like. The ability to properly carry out such highly visual and interactive procedures is significantly constrained by these methods. The student receives a single view and has no idea how the procedure was carried out. The Department of Anatomy at Mayo Medical School recently built a new, state-of-the-art teaching laboratory, including data ports and power sources above each dissection table. This feature allows students to access the Mayo intranet from a computer mounted on each table. The vision of the Department of Anatomy is to replace all paper-based resources in the laboratory (dissection manuals, anatomic atlases, etc.) with a more dynamic medium that will direct students in dissection and in learning human anatomy. Part of that vision includes the use of interactive 3-D visualization technology. The Biomedical Imaging Resource (BIR) at Mayo Clinic has developed, in collaboration with the Department of Anatomy, a system for the control and capture of high resolution digital photographic sequences which can be used to create 3-D interactive visualizations of specimen dissections. The primary components of the system include a Kodak DC290 digital camera, a motorized controller rig from Kaidan, a PC, and custom software to synchronize and control the components. For each dissection procedure, the images are captured automatically, and then processed to generate a Quicktime VR sequence, which permits users to view an object from multiple angles by rotating it on the screen. This provides 3-D visualizations of anatomy for students without the need for special '3-D glasses' that would be impractical to use in a laboratory setting. In addition, a digital video camera may be mounted on the rig for capturing video recordings of selected dissection procedures being carried out by expert anatomists for playback by the students. Anatomists from the Department of Anatomy at Mayo have captured several sets of dissection sequences and processed them into Quicktime VR sequences. The students are able to look at these specimens from multiple angles using this VR technology. In addition, the student may zoom in to obtain high-resolution close-up views of the specimen. They may interactively view the specimen at varying stages of dissection, providing a way to quickly and intuitively navigate through the layers of tissue. Electronic media has begun to impact all areas of education, but a 3-D interactive visualization of specimen dissections in the laboratory environment is a unique and powerful means of teaching anatomy. When fully implemented, anatomy education will be enhanced significantly by comparison to traditional methods.

Proceedings Article | 30 May 2003 Paper

Paper

Image smoothing with Savitzky-Golay filters

Srinivasan Rajagopalan, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 5029, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.479596

KEYWORDS: Image filtering, Linear filtering, Image processing, Volume rendering, Nonlinear filtering, Data modeling, Convolution, Anisotropic diffusion, Image enhancement, Visualization

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Proceedings Article | 15 May 2003 Paper

Paper

Analysis of elastography methods using mathematical and ex vivo data

Brett Byram, Michael Wahl, David Holmes, Amir Lerman, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 5032, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.480309

KEYWORDS: Arteries, Phase shifts, Intravascular ultrasound, Elastography, Tissues, Interfaces, Statistical analysis, Ultrasonography, Digital filtering, Image registration

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Proceedings Article | 2 May 2003 Paper

Paper

Regional time-density measurement of myocardial perfusion

Christian Eusemann, Jerome Breen, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 5031, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.480394

KEYWORDS: Image segmentation, Visualization, Image visualization, Image processing, Heart, Computer programming, Binary data, Magnetism, Medical imaging, Gadolinium

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Proceedings Article | 17 May 2002 Paper

Paper

Virtual-reality-based system for controlled study of cataplexy

Kurt Augustine, Bruce Cameron, Jon Camp, Lois Krahn, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 4681, (2002) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.466950

KEYWORDS: Virtual reality, Control systems, Head-mounted displays, Roads, Electromyography, Biomedical optics, Heart, Visualization, Software development, Buildings

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Proceedings Article | 17 May 2002 Paper

Paper

Evaluation of high-resolution MRI for preoperative screening for cochlear implantation

Mambidzeni Madzivire, Jon Camp, John Lane, Robert Witte, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 4681, (2002) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.466921

KEYWORDS: Nerve, Ear, Magnetic resonance imaging, Scanners, Signal attenuation, Electrodes, Visualization, Signal processing, Image resolution, Sensors

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Proceedings Article | 24 April 2002 Paper

Paper

3D visualization of endocardial peak velocities during systole and diastole

Christian Eusemann, Erik Ritman, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 4683, (2002) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.463579

KEYWORDS: Heart, Image segmentation, Solid modeling, Visualization, 3D modeling, Motion models, 3D image processing, Reconstruction algorithms, 3D visualizations, Medical imaging

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Proceedings Article | 28 May 2001 Paper

Paper

Transurethral ultrasound of the prostrate for applications in prostrate brachytherapy: analysis of phantom and in-vivo data

David Holmes, Brian Davis, Charles Bruce, Torrence Wilson, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 4319, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.428083

KEYWORDS: Prostate, Image segmentation, Ultrasonography, Computed tomography, Tissues, Transducers, 3D acquisition, Fluoroscopy, Image resolution, Data acquisition

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Proceedings Article | 21 May 2001 Paper

Paper

Virtual angioscopic visualization and analysis of coronary aneurysms using intravascular ultrasound images

Tina Ayeni, David Holmes, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 4321, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.428174

KEYWORDS: Image segmentation, Intravascular ultrasound, Arteries, Visualization, Visual analytics, Ultrasonography, 3D image processing, Endoscopy, Eye, Diagnostics

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Kawasaki Disease is an inflammatory illness of young children that can seriously affect the cardiovascular system. The disease may cause coronary artery aneurysms, a thinning and dilation of the arterial wall when the wall is weakened by disease. Such aneurysms significantly increase the risk of rupture of the arterial wall, an event from which few patients survive. Due to the largely asymptotic nature of coronary aneurysms, diagnosis must be timely and accurate in order for treatment to be effective. Currently, aneurysms are detected primarily using X-ray angiography, MRI, and CT images. Increased insight into the disease and its effects on the arterial wall can be gained by multi-dimensional computerized visualization and quantitative analysis of diagnostic images made possible by the techniques of intravascular imaging and virtual endoscopy. Intravascular ultrasound images (IVUS) of a coronary artery exhibiting aneurysms were acquired from a patient with Kawasaki Disease. The disease is characterized by low luminescent in the IVUS images. Image segmentation of the abnormal, prominent anechoic regions branching from the lumen and originating within other layers of the arterial wall was performed and each region defined as a separate object. An object segmentation map was generated and used in perspective rendering of the original image volume set at successive locations along the length of the arterial segment, producing a 'fly-through' of the interior of the artery. The diseased region (aneurysm) of the wall was well defined by the differences in luminal size and by differences in appearance of the arterial wall shape observed during virtual angioscopic fly-throughs. Erosions of the endovascular surface caused pronounced horizontal and vertical ballooning of the lumen. Minute cracks within the unaffected luminal areas revealed possible early development of an aneurysm on the contralateral wall, originating in the medial section of the artery and spreading outward toward the lumen.

Proceedings Article | 21 May 2001 Paper

Paper

3D quantitative visualization of altered LV wall thickening dynamics caused by coronary microembolization

Christian Eusemann, Stefan Mohlenkamp, Erik Ritman, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 4321, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.428125

KEYWORDS: Heart, Image segmentation, Visualization, 3D image processing, 3D modeling, Arteries, Computer programming, Magnetic resonance imaging, 3D visualizations, Ischemia

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Proceedings Article | 6 June 2000 Paper

Paper

Quantitative image analysis of histological sections of coronary arteries

David Holmes, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 3979, (2000) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.387639

KEYWORDS: Image segmentation, Arteries, Tissues, Visualization, Natural surfaces, Image processing algorithms and systems, Image visualization, Algorithm development, Image analysis, Software development

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Proceedings Article | 6 June 2000 Paper

Paper

Automated stromal nerve rejection in corneal confocal images in vivo

Eric Brown, Jon Camp, Sanjay Patel, Jay McLaren, William Bourne, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 3979, (2000) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.387625

KEYWORDS: Nerve, Confocal microscopy, Cornea, In vivo imaging, Microscopes, Image segmentation, Binary data, Evolutionary algorithms, Algorithm development, Image processing

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Proceedings Article | 3 May 2000 Paper

Paper

Two- and three-dimensional quantitative image analysis of coronary arteries from high-resolution histological sections

David Holmes, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 3911, (2000) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.384887

KEYWORDS: Image segmentation, Arteries, Tissues, Visualization, Natural surfaces, Algorithm development, 3D image processing, Image processing algorithms and systems, Image visualization, 3D visualizations

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The study of coronary arteries has evolved from examining gross anatomy and morphology to scrutinizing micro-anatomy and cellular composition. Technological advances such as high-powered digital microscopes and high precision cutting devices have allowed clinicians to examine coronary artery morphology and pathology at micron resolution. Our work explores the composition of normal coronary arteries in order to provide the foundation for further study of remodeled tissue. The first of two coronary arteries was sliced into 442 sections with 4 micron inter-slice spacing. Each slice was stained for elastin and collagen. The second coronary artery was sectioned into 283 slices, also with 4 micron resolution. These slices were stained for cellular nuclei and smooth muscle. High sectioned into 283 slices, also with 4 micron resolution. These slices were stained for cellular nuclei and smooth muscle. High resolution light microscopy was used to image the sections. The data was analyzed for collagen/elastin content and nuclei density, respectively. Processing of this type of data is challenging in the areas of segmentation, visualization and quantification. Segmentation was confounded by variation in image quality as well as complexity of the coronary tissue. These problems were overcome by the development of 'smart' thresholding algorithms for segmentation. In addition, morphology and image statistics were used to further refine the result of the segmentation. Specificity/sensitivity analysis suggests that automatic segmentation can be very effective. 3D visualization of coronary arteries is challenging due to multiple tissue layers. Method such as summed voxel projection and maximum intensity projection appear to be effective. Shading methods also provide adequate visualization, however it is important to incorporate combined 2D and 3D displays. Surface rendering techniques are useful tools for visualizing parametric data. Quantification in 3D is simple in practice but appropriate descriptions of these results must be displayed to clinicians in a clear way. Preliminary results are promising, but continued development of algorithms for processing histological data is needed.

Proceedings Article | 3 May 2000 Paper

Paper

Measurement and display of instantaneous regional motion of the myocardium

Christian Eusemann, Matthias Bellemann, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 3911, (2000) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.384928

KEYWORDS: Heart, Image segmentation, Visualization, 3D modeling, Motion measurement, Solid modeling, Reconstruction algorithms, Motion models, Diagnostics, 3D image processing

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Proceedings Article | 3 May 2000 Paper

Paper

Quantitative validation of a method for correction of intraoperative brain shift

Lisa Bates, Stephan Goerss, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 3911, (2000) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.384898

KEYWORDS: Brain, Magnetic resonance imaging, Tissues, Data acquisition, Navigation systems, Ultrasonography, Neuroimaging, Natural surfaces, Bladder, Imaging systems

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Proceedings Article | 3 May 2000 Paper

Paper

5D model for accurate representation and visualization of dynamic cardiac structures

Wei-te Lin, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 3911, (2000) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.384919

KEYWORDS: Motion models, Heart, Visualization, 3D modeling, Visual process modeling, 3D image processing, Data modeling, Natural surfaces, Magnetic resonance imaging, Image segmentation

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Proceedings Article | 18 April 2000 Paper

Paper

Trans-urethral ultrasound (TUUS) imaging for visualization and analysis of the prostate and associated tissues

David Holmes, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 3976, (2000) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.383040

KEYWORDS: Prostate, Tissues, Visualization, Ultrasonography, Image segmentation, Bladder, 3D visualizations, Data acquisition, Doppler effect, Reconstruction algorithms

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Proceedings Article | 18 April 2000 Paper

Paper

Method for quantitative validation of image-based correction for intraoperative brain shift

Lisa Bates, Stephan Goerss, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 3976, (2000) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.383074

KEYWORDS: Brain, Magnetic resonance imaging, Tissues, Neuroimaging, Navigation systems, Data acquisition, Ultrasonography, 3D acquisition, 3D image processing, Natural surfaces

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Proceedings Article | 18 April 2000 Paper

Paper

Quantitative analysis and parametric display of regional myocardial mechanics

Christian Eusemann, Matthias Bellemann, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 3976, (2000) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.383075

KEYWORDS: Heart, Image segmentation, Visualization, 3D modeling, Solid modeling, Mechanics, Reconstruction algorithms, Ischemia, 3D image processing, Image processing

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Quantitative assessment of regional heart motion has significant potential for more accurate diagnosis of heart disease and/or cardiac irregularities. Local heart motion may be studied from medical imaging sequences. Using functional parametric mapping, regional myocardial motion during a cardiac cycle can be color mapped onto a deformable heart model to obtain better understanding of the structure- to-function relationships in the myocardium, including regional patterns of akinesis or diskinesis associated with ischemia or infarction. In this study, 3D reconstructions were obtained from the Dynamic Spatial Reconstructor at 15 time points throughout one cardiac cycle of pre-infarct and post-infarct hearts. Deformable models were created from the 3D images for each time point of the cardiac cycles. Form these polygonal models, regional excursions and velocities of each vertex representing a unit of myocardium were calculated for successive time-intervals. The calculated results were visualized through model animations and/or specially formatted static images. The time point of regional maximum velocity and excursion of myocardium through the cardiac cycle was displayed using color mapping. The absolute value of regional maximum velocity and maximum excursion were displayed in a similar manner. Using animations, the local myocardial velocity changes were visualized as color changes on the cardiac surface during the cardiac cycle. Moreover, the magnitude and direction of motion for individual segments of myocardium could be displayed. Comparison of these dynamic parametric displays suggest that the ability to encode quantitative functional information on dynamic cardiac anatomy enhances the diagnostic value of 4D images of the heart. Myocardial mechanics quantified this way adds a new dimension to the analysis of cardiac functional disease, including regional patterns of akinesis and diskinesis associated with ischemia and infarction. Similarly, disturbances in regional contractility and filling may be detected and evaluated using such measurements and displays.

Proceedings Article | 18 April 2000 Paper

Paper

Visualization of cardiac dynamics using physics-based deformable model

Wei-te Lin, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 3976, (2000) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.383043

KEYWORDS: Motion models, Heart, Visualization, Data modeling, 3D modeling, 3D image processing, Visual process modeling, Image segmentation, Systems modeling, Natural surfaces

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Modeling of moving anatomic structures is complicated by the complexity of motion intrinsic and extrinsic to the structures. However when motion is cyclical, such as in heart, effective dynamic modeling can be approached using modern fast imaging techniques, which provide 3D structural data. Data may be acquired as a sequence of 3D volume images throughout the cardiac cycle. To model the intricate non- linear motion of the heart, we created a physics-based surface model which can realistically deform between successive time points in the cardiac cycle, yielding a dynamic 4D model of cardiac motion. Sequences of fifteen 3D volume images of intact canine beating hearts were acquired during compete cardiac cycles using the Dynamic Spatial Reconstructor and the Electron Beam CT. The chambers of the heart were segmented at successive time points, typically at 1/15-second intervals. The left ventricle of the first item point was reconstructed as an initial triangular mesh. A mass-spring physics-based deformable model, which can expand and shrink with local contraction and stretching forces distributed in an anatomically accurate simulation of cardiac motion, was applied to the initial mesh and allowed the initial mesh to deform to fit the left ventricle in successive time increments of the sequence. The resultant 4D model can be interactively transformed and displayed with associated regional electrical activity mapped onto the anatomic surfaces, producing a 5D mode, which faithfully exhibits regional cardiac contraction and relaxation patterns over the entire heart. For acquisition systems that may provide only limited 4D data, the model can provide interpolated anatomic shape between time points. This physics-based deformable model accurately represents dynamic cardiac structural changes throughout the cardiac cycle. Such models provides the framework for minimizing the number of time points required to usefully depict regional motion of myocardium and allowing quantitative assessment of regional myocardial dynamics. The electrical activation mapping provides spatial and temporal correlation within the cardiac cycle. In procedures such as intra-cardiac catheter ablation, visualization of the dynamic mole can be used to accurately localize the foci of myocardial arrhythmias and guide positioning of catheters for effective ablation.

Proceedings Article | 26 May 1999 Paper

Paper

Realistic visualization for surgery simulation using dynamic volume texture mapping and model deformation

Wei-te Lin, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 3658, (1999) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.349442

KEYWORDS: Surgery, Visualization, RGB color model, 3D modeling, Volume rendering, Computer simulations, Tissues, 3D image processing, Skin, Natural surfaces

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Proceedings Article | 21 May 1999 Paper

Paper

Novel binning method for improved accuracy and speed of volume image coregistration using normalized mutual information

Jon Camp, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 3661, (1999) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.348572

KEYWORDS: Image registration, Medical imaging, Magnetic resonance imaging, Image resolution, Positron emission tomography, Head, Image processing, Computed tomography, Image analysis, Image visualization

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Proceedings Article | 20 May 1999 Paper

Paper

Voxel significance mapping in epilepsy studies using subtraction ictal SPECT

Benjamin Brinkmann, Terence O'Brien, Desmond Webster, Peter Robins, Brian Mullan, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 3660, (1999) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.349614

KEYWORDS: Single photon emission computed tomography, Image registration, Image quality, Epilepsy, Associative arrays, Brain mapping, Positron emission tomography, Magnetic resonance imaging, Image processing, Brain

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Proceedings Article | 20 May 1999 Paper

Paper

Center line algorithm for virtual endoscopy based on chamfer distance transform and Dijkstra's single-source shortest-path algorithm

Daniel Blezek, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 3660, (1999) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.349592

KEYWORDS: Colon, Endoscopy, Detection and tracking algorithms, Algorithm development, Distance measurement, Virtual colonoscopy, Error analysis, Structural design, Bronchoscopy, Image processing algorithms and systems

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Proceedings Article | 26 June 1998 Paper

Paper

Implementation of an oblique-sectioning visualization tool for line-of-sight stereotactic neurosurgical navigation using the AVW toolkit

Lisa Bates, Dennis Hanson, Bruce Kall, Frederic Meyer, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 3335, (1998) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.312495

KEYWORDS: Visualization, Image visualization, Navigation systems, Surgery, Image segmentation, Imaging systems, 3D acquisition, Computing systems, 3D image processing, Data acquisition

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Proceedings Article | 26 June 1998 Paper

Paper

Processing, segmentation, and visualization of pre- and post-stent coronary arteries using intravascular ultrasound

David Holmes, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 3335, (1998) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.312550

KEYWORDS: Image segmentation, Transducers, Intravascular ultrasound, Visualization, Tissues, Image processing, Arteries, Image registration, Blood, 3D image processing

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Proceedings Article | 5 June 1998 Paper

Paper

Simulation of spinal nerve blocks for training anesthesiology residents

Daniel Blezek, Richard Robb, Jon Camp, Lee Nauss, David Martin

Proceedings Volume 3262, (1998) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.309490

KEYWORDS: Virtual reality, Nerve, Visualization, Haptic technology, Data modeling, Skin, Image segmentation, Head, Computer simulations, Computed tomography

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Proceedings Article | 22 May 1997 Paper

Paper

Image BOSS: a biomedical object storage system

Mahlon Stacy, Kurt Augustine, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 3035, (1997) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.274556

KEYWORDS: Databases, Image storage, Visualization, Human-machine interfaces, Data storage, Image processing, Biomedical optics, Software development, Image visualization, Optical discs

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Proceedings Article | 9 May 1997 Paper

Paper

Localization, correlation, and visualization of electroencephalographic surface electrodes and brain anatomy in epilepsy studies

Benjamin Brinkmann, Terence O'Brien, Richard Robb, Frank Sharbrough

Proceedings Volume 3033, (1997) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.274041

KEYWORDS: Electrodes, Magnetic resonance imaging, Electroencephalography, Clouds, Magnetism, Epilepsy, Head, Visualization, Distance measurement, Brain

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Proceedings Article | 7 May 1997 Paper

Paper

Managing images with image BOSS

Kurt Augustine, Mahlon Stacy, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 3031, (1997) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.273924

KEYWORDS: Databases, Image processing, 3D image processing, Analytical research, Image segmentation, C++, Biomedical optics, Human-machine interfaces, Image analysis, Visualization

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Proceedings Article | 7 May 1997 Paper

Paper

New algorithm for efficient polygon decimation for virtual reality applications in medicine

Dennis Crouch, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 3031, (1997) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.273930

KEYWORDS: 3D modeling, Systems modeling, Visualization, Computing systems, Data modeling, Virtual reality, Medicine, Surgery, Process modeling, Natural surfaces

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Proceedings Article | 7 May 1997 Paper

Paper

Virtual endoscopy vs real endoscopy: a comparative evaluation

Daniel Blezek, Richard Robb, Charlene Prather

Proceedings Volume 3031, (1997) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.273934

KEYWORDS: Endoscopy, Tumors, Visualization, Volume rendering, Esophagus, Video, Virtual colonoscopy, 3D modeling, Computed tomography, Surgery

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Proceedings Article | 7 May 1997 Paper

Paper

Evaluation of search strategies and cost functions in optimizing voxel-based image registration

David Holmes, Jon Camp, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 3031, (1997) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.273935

KEYWORDS: Image registration, Error analysis, Distance measurement, Positron emission tomography, Magnetic resonance imaging, Brain, Algorithm development, Image segmentation, Neuroimaging, Image processing

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Proceedings Article | 25 April 1997 Paper

Paper

Quantitative core-based shape comparison

Kevin Lepard, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 3034, (1997) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.274176

KEYWORDS: Image segmentation, Biomedical optics, Visualization, Machine vision, Computer vision technology, Zoom lenses, Visual process modeling, Imaging systems, Image classification, Distance measurement

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Proceedings Article | 16 April 1996 Paper

Paper

Fast 3D medial axis transformation to reduce computation and complexity in radiosurgery treatment planning

Qingrong Wu, J. Daniel Bourland, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 2710, (1996) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.237959

KEYWORDS: 3D image processing, Transform theory, Ridge detection, 3D acquisition, Wavefronts, Raster graphics, Silicon, Biophysics, Radio propagation, Detection and tracking algorithms

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Proceedings Article | 16 April 1996 Paper

Paper

Comparison and evaluation of retrospective intermodality image registration techniques

Jay West, J. Michael Fitzpatrick, Matthew Wang, Benoit Dawant, Calvin Maurer, Robert Kessler, Robert Maciunas, Christian Barillot, Didier Lemoine, Andre Collignon, Frederik Maes, Paul Suetens, Dirk Vandermeulen, Petra van den Elsen, Paul Hemler, Sandy Napel, Thilaka Sumanaweera, Beth Harkness, Derek Hill, Colin Studholme, Gregoire Malandain, Xavier Pennec, Marilyn Noz, Gerald Maguire, Michael Pollack, Charles Pelizzari, Richard Robb, Dennis Hanson, Roger Woods

Proceedings Volume 2710, (1996) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.237936

KEYWORDS: Image registration, Magnetic resonance imaging, Positron emission tomography, Computed tomography, Gold, Distortion, Image segmentation, Error analysis, Brain, Image processing

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All retrospective image registration methods have attached to them some intrinsic estimate of registration error. However, this estimate of accuracy may not always be a good indicator of the distance between actual and estimated positions of targets within the cranial cavity. This paper describes a project whose principal goal is to use a prospective method based on fiducial markers as a 'gold standard' to perform an objective, blinded evaluation of the accuracy of several retrospective image-to-image registration techniques. Image volumes of three modalities -- CT, MR, and PET -- were taken of patients undergoing neurosurgery at Vanderbilt University Medical Center. These volumes had all traces of the fiducial markers removed, and were provided to project collaborators outside Vanderbilt, who then performed retrospective registrations on the volumes, calculating transformations from CT to MR and/or from PET to MR, and communicated their transformations to Vanderbilt where the accuracy of each registration was evaluated. In this evaluation the accuracy is measured at multiple 'regions of interest,' i.e. areas in the brain which would commonly be areas of neurological interest. A region is defined in the MR image and its centroid C is determined. Then the prospective registration is used to obtain the corresponding point C' in CT or PET. To this point the retrospective registration is then applied, producing C' in MR. Statistics are gathered on the target registration error (TRE), which is the disparity between the original point C and its corresponding point C'. A second goal of the project is to evaluate the importance of correcting geometrical distortion in MR images, by comparing the retrospective TRE in the rectified images, i.e., those which have had the distortion correction applied, with that of the same images before rectification. This paper presents preliminary results of this study along with a brief description of each registration technique and an estimate of both preparation and execution time needed to perform the registration .

Proceedings Article | 16 April 1996 Paper

Paper

Quantitative analysis of statistical methods of grayscale inhomogeneity correction in magnetic resonance images

Benjamin Brinkmann, Armando Manduca, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 2710, (1996) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.237957

KEYWORDS: Tissues, Digital filtering, Brain, Image filtering, Magnetic resonance imaging, Neuroimaging, Magnetism, Computer simulations, Image segmentation, Linear filtering

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Proceedings Article | 16 April 1996 Paper

Paper

Shape-based segmentation and characterization of biomedical images

Kevin Lepard, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 2710, (1996) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.237996

KEYWORDS: Axons, Image segmentation, Nerve, Biomedical optics, Shape analysis, Medical imaging, Magnetic resonance imaging, Photomicroscopy, Reconstruction algorithms, Image analysis

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Proceedings Article | 15 April 1996 Paper

Paper

Anesthesiology training using 3D imaging and virtual reality

Daniel Blezek, Richard Robb, Jon Camp, Lee Nauss

Proceedings Volume 2707, (1996) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.238469

KEYWORDS: Virtual reality, Visualization, Nerve, 3D modeling, Skin, Data modeling, Kidney, Eye models, Lithium, Arteries

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Proceedings Article | 15 April 1996 Paper

Paper

Morphology-guided radiotherapy treatment planning and optimization

Qingrong Wu, J. Daniel Bourland, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 2707, (1996) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.238445

KEYWORDS: Optimization (mathematics), 3D acquisition, Radiotherapy, Electroluminescence, Collimators, Spherical lenses, Tumors, Tissues, Optical spheres, Tolerancing

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Proceedings Article | 24 May 1995 Paper

Paper

Three-dimensional visualization and analysis of microvessels in prostate cancer

Paul Kay, Richard Robb, David Bostwick, David Leske, Jon Camp

Proceedings Volume 2433, (1995) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.209681

KEYWORDS: Tumors, Prostate cancer, Visualization, Prostate, Tissues, Cancer, 3D image processing, 3D metrology, Image processing, Image analysis

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Proceedings Article | 24 May 1995 Paper

Paper

NIFTY (NeuroImaging Functional Toolkit): an interactive program for functional MRI data processing and visualization

Jeff Arnholt, Dennis Hanson, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 2433, (1995) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.209701

KEYWORDS: Functional magnetic resonance imaging, Visualization, Image registration, Algorithm development, Data acquisition, Magnetic resonance imaging, Brain, Statistical analysis, Anisotropic diffusion, Neuroimaging

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Proceedings Article | 12 May 1995 Paper

Paper

Segmentation and visualization of multispectral medical images with interactive control of parameters for a set of unsupervised classifiers

Eileen McMahon, Armando Manduca, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 2434, (1995) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.208689

KEYWORDS: Tissues, Image segmentation, Visualization, Fuzzy logic, Image classification, Medical imaging, Image processing algorithms and systems, Image processing, Algorithm development, Multispectral imaging

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Proceedings Article | 12 May 1995 Paper

Paper

Quantitative validation of 3D image registration techniques

Kerrie Holton Tainter, Udita Taneja, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 2434, (1995) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.208721

KEYWORDS: Image registration, Single photon emission computed tomography, Magnetic resonance imaging, Computed tomography, Image resolution, Algorithm development, Head, 3D image processing, Computer simulations, Skull

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Proceedings Article | 27 April 1995 Paper

Paper

Surgical planning for radical prostatectomies using three-dimensional visualization and a virtual reality display system

Paul Kay, Richard Robb, Bernard King, R. Myers, Jon Camp

Proceedings Volume 2431, (1995) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.207606

KEYWORDS: Surgery, Prostate, Visualization, 3D displays, Image segmentation, Magnetic resonance imaging, 3D image processing, Prostate cancer, Virtual reality, Cancer

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Thousands of radical prostatectomies for prostate cancer are performed each year. Radical prostatectomy is a challenging procedure due to anatomical variability and the adjacency of critical structures, including the external urinary sphincter and neurovascular bundles that subserve erectile function. Because of this, there are significant risks of urinary incontinence and impotence following this procedure. Preoperative interaction with three-dimensional visualization of the important anatomical structures might allow the surgeon to understand important individual anatomical relationships of patients. Such understanding might decrease the rate of morbidities, especially for surgeons in training. Patient specific anatomic data can be obtained from preoperative 3D MRI diagnostic imaging examinations of the prostate gland utilizing endorectal coils and phased array multicoils. The volumes of the important structures can then be segmented using interactive image editing tools and then displayed using 3-D surface rendering algorithms on standard work stations. Anatomic relationships can be visualized using surface displays and 3-D colorwash and transparency to allow internal visualization of hidden structures. Preoperatively a surgeon and radiologist can interactively manipulate the 3-D visualizations. Important anatomical relationships can better be visualized and used to plan the surgery. Postoperatively the 3-D displays can be compared to actual surgical experience and pathologic data. Patients can then be followed to assess the incidence of morbidities. More advanced approaches to visualize these anatomical structures in support of surgical planning will be implemented on virtual reality (VR) display systems. Such realistic displays are `immersive,' and allow surgeons to simultaneously see and manipulate the anatomy, to plan the procedure and to rehearse it in a realistic way. Ultimately the VR systems will be implemented in the operating room (OR) to assist the surgeon in conducting the surgery. Such an implementation will bring to the OR all of the pre-surgical planning data and rehearsal experience in synchrony with the actual patient and operation to optimize the effectiveness and outcome of the procedure.

Proceedings Article | 17 April 1995 Paper

Paper

Evaluation of 3D multimodality image registration using ROC analysis

Kerrie Holton Tainter, Richard Robb, Udita Taneja, Joel Gray

Proceedings Volume 2436, (1995) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.206839

KEYWORDS: Image registration, Image resolution, 3D image processing, Diagnostics, Magnetic resonance imaging, 3D metrology, Image fusion, Superposition, Error analysis, Image acquisition

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Receiver operating characteristic analysis has evolved as a useful method for evaluating the discriminatory capability and efficacy of visualization. The ability of such analysis to account for the variance in decision criteria of multiple observers, multiple reading, and a wide range of difficulty in detection among case studies makes ROC especially useful for interpreting the results of a viewing experiment. We are currently using ROC analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of using fused multispectral, or complementary multimodality imaging data in the diagnostic process. The use of multispectral image recordings, gathered from multiple imaging modalities, to provide advanced image visualization and quantization capabilities in evaluating medical images is an important challenge facing medical imaging scientists. Such capabilities would potentially significantly enhance the ability of clinicians to extract scientific and diagnostic information from images. a first step in the effective use of multispectral information is the spatial registration of complementary image datasets so that a point-to-point correspondence exists between them. We are developing a paradigm of measuring the accuracy of existing image registration techniques which includes the ability to relate quantitative measurements, taken from the images themselves, to the decisions made by observers about the state of registration (SOR) of the 3D images. We have used ROC analysis to evaluate the ability of observers to discriminate between correctly registered and incorrectly registered multimodality fused images. We believe this experience is original and represents the first time that ROC analysis has been used to evaluate registered/fused images. We have simulated low-resolution and high-resolution images from real patient MR images of the brain, and fused them with the original MR to produce colorwash superposition images whose exact SOR is known. We have also attempted to extend this analysis to real patient data, using magnetic resonance and single photon emission computed tomography 3D images whose SOR is estimated, but not known exactly. Results suggest that ROC analysis is useful for evaluating observer performance in detecting misregistration when viewing three orthogonal phases of colorwash superposition images, and that these results can be related to image measurements.

Proceedings Article | 9 September 1994 Paper

Paper

Evaluating the accuracy of three-dimensional image registration algorithms used in multimodal image fusion

Udita Taneja, Kerrie Holton Tainter, Jon Camp, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 2359, (1994) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.185184

KEYWORDS: Image registration, Magnetic resonance imaging, 3D image processing, Computed tomography, Image fusion, Error analysis, Tumors, 3D image reconstruction, CT reconstruction, Head

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Proceedings Article | 22 September 1992 Paper

Paper

New approach to 3-D registration of multimodality medical images by surface matching

Hongjian Jiang, Richard Robb, Kerrie Holton Tainter

Proceedings Volume 1808, (1992) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.131078

KEYWORDS: Image registration, Image segmentation, Magnetic resonance imaging, Visualization, Image processing, Biomedical optics, 3D image processing, Computed tomography, Brain, Image resolution

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Multimodality images obtained from medical imaging systems such as computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, positron emission tomography (PET), and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), generally provide complementary characteristic and diagnostic information. Synthesis of these image data sets into a single composite image containing these complementary attributes in accurate registration and congruence would provide truly synergistic information about the object(s) under examination. We have developed a new method which produces such correlation using parametric Chamfer matching. The method is fast, accurate, and reproducible. Surfaces ar initially extracted from two different images to be matched using semi-automatic segmentation techniques. These surfaces are represented as contours with common features to be matched. A distance transformation is performed for one surface image, and a cost function for the matching process is developed using the distance image. The geometric transformation includes three- dimensional translation, rotation, and scaling to accommodate images of different position, orientation, and size. The matching process involves searching this multi-parameter space to find the best fit which minimizes the cost function. The local minima problem is addressed by using a large number of starting points. A pyramid multi-resolution approach is employed to speed up both the distance transformation and the multi-parameter minimization processes. Robustness in noise handling is accomplished using multiple thresholds embedded in the multi- resolution search. The algorithm can register both partially overlapped and fragmented surfaces. Manual intervention is generally not necessary. Preliminary results suggest registration accuracy on the order of the voxel size used in the registration process. Computational time scales with the number of matching elements used, with about five minutes typical for 256³ images using a modern desktop workstation.

Proceedings Article | 22 September 1992 Paper

Paper

Volume rendering: application in static field conformal radiosurgery

J. Daniel Bourland, Jon Camp, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 1808, (1992) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.131111

KEYWORDS: Visualization, Volume rendering, Tumors, 3D acquisition, Opacity, Head, 3D image processing, Biomedical optics, X-rays, Beam shaping

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Proceedings Article | 22 September 1992 Paper

Paper

Advanced techniques in volume visualization and analysis

Richard Robb, Armando Manduca, Dennis Hanson, Ronald Karwoski

Proceedings Volume 1808, (1992) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.131124

KEYWORDS: Volume visualization, Visualization, Biomedical optics, Image segmentation, Human vision and color perception, Biological research, Image processing, 3D image processing, 3D image enhancement, Ranging

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Proceedings Article | 22 September 1992 Paper

Paper

Informing interested parties of changes in the optical performance of the cornea caused by keratorefractive surgery: a ray-tracing model that tailors presentation of results to fit the level of soph

Leo Maguire, Jon Camp, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 1808, (1992) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.131113

KEYWORDS: Surgery, Cornea, Visualization, Ray tracing, Modulation transfer functions, Point spread functions, Geometrical optics, Biomedical optics, Refraction, Performance modeling

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Proceedings Article | 26 June 1992 Paper

Paper

Biomedical image texture analysis based on high-order fractals

Huinian Xiao, Al Chu, Kerrie Holton, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 1660, (1992) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.59592

KEYWORDS: Fractal analysis, Biomedical optics, Image classification, Image processing, Image analysis, Magnetic resonance imaging, Brain, 3D image processing, Microscopy, Neuroimaging

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Proceedings Article | 26 June 1992 Paper

Paper

Image registration of multimodality 3D medical images by chamfer matching

Hongjian Jiang, Kerrie Holton, Richard Robb

Proceedings Volume 1660, (1992) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.59565

KEYWORDS: Image registration, 3D image processing, Image processing, Image resolution, Medical imaging, Biomedical optics, Microscopy, Image segmentation, Brain, Distortion

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Proceedings Article | 1 June 1991 Paper

Paper

Automatic analysis system for three-dimensional angiograms

William Higgins, Wolfgang Spyra, Ronald Karwoski, Erik Ritman

Proceedings Volume 1445, (1991) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.45225

KEYWORDS: Arteries, Angiography, 3D image processing, Image segmentation, Visualization, Image processing, Human-machine interfaces, 3D scanning, Image filtering, Error analysis

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Showing 5 of 123 publications

Proceedings Volume Editor (2)

SPIE Conference Volume | 9 September 1994

Visualization in Biomedical Computing 1994

SPIE Conference Volume | 22 September 1992

Visualization in Biomedical Computing '92

Conference Committee Involvement (11)

Advanced Biomedical and Clinical Diagnostic Systems V

21 January 2007 | San Jose, California, United States

Advanced Biomedical and Clinical Diagnostic Systems IV

22 January 2006 | San Jose, California, United States

Visualization, Image-Guided Procedures, and Display

13 February 2005 | San Diego, California, United States

Advanced Biomedical and Clinical Diagnostic Systems III

23 January 2005 | San Jose, CA, United States

Visualization, Image-Guided Procedures, and Display

15 February 2004 | San Diego, California, United States

Showing 5 of 11 Conference Committees

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