Dr. Robert K. Smither Profile

Dr. Robert K. Smither

Sr. Scientist

SPIE Involvement:

Author

Publications (17)

Proceedings Article | 27 June 2006 Paper

Second generation crystals for Laue lens applications

N. Barrière, P. von Ballmoos, P. Bastie, P. Courtois, N. Abrosimov, K. Andersen, H. Halloin, G. Skinner

Proceedings Volume 6266, 62662D (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.672363

KEYWORDS: Crystals, Diffraction, Reflectivity, Laser crystals, Gamma radiation, Absorption, Germanium, Copper, Silicon, Semiconducting wafers

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Proceedings Article | 29 January 2004 Paper

CLAIRE gamma-ray lens: flight and long-distance test results

Hubert Halloin, Peter von Ballmoos, Jean Evrard, Gerald Skinner, Margarida Hernanz, Nikolai Abrosimov, Pierre Bastie, Bernard Hamelin, V. Lonjou, Jose Alvarez, A. Laurens, Pierre Jean, Juergen Knoedleseder, Robert Smither, Gilbert Vedrenne

Proceedings Volume 5168, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.508307

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Crystals, Diffraction, Photons, Gamma radiation, Telescopes, Sun, Electroluminescence, Astrophysics, Space telescopes

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Proceedings Article | 29 January 2004 Paper

MAX: a gamma-ray lens for nuclear astrophysics

Peter von Ballmoos, Hubert Halloin, Gerald Skinner, Robert Smither, Jaques Paul, Nikolai Abrosimov, Jose Alvarez, Pierre Astier, Pierre Bastie, Didier Barret, Angela Bazzano, Arnaud Boutonnet, Pascal Brousse, Bertrand Cordier, Thierry Courvoisier, Guido Di Cocco, Andrea Giuliani, Bernard Hamelin, Margarida Hernanz, Pierre Jean, Jordi Isern, Jurrgen Knödlseder, Phillipe Laurent, Francois Lebrun, Alexandre Marcowith, Vincent Martinot, Lorenzo Natalucci, Jean-Francois Olive, Reynald Pain, Rachida Sadat, Herve Sainct, Pietro Ubertini, Gilbert Vedrenne

Proceedings Volume 5168, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.509672

KEYWORDS: Crystals, Gamma radiation, Diffraction, Sensors, Germanium, Space telescopes, Telescopes, Photonic crystals, Astrophysics, Laser crystals

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Proceedings Article | 5 June 2003 Paper

High-resolution medical imaging system for 3D imaging of radioactive sources with 1-mm FWHM spatial resolution

Robert Smither

Proceedings Volume 5030, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.480393

KEYWORDS: Crystals, Imaging systems, Spatial resolution, Diffraction, Gamma radiation, Medical imaging, X-ray optics, Sensors, Copper, Image resolution

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Proceedings Article | 11 March 2003 Paper

Design and flight performance of a crystal diffraction telescope

Hubert Halloin, Peter von Ballmoos, Jean Evrard, Gerald Skinner, Nikolai Abrosimov, Pierre Bastie, Guido Di Cocco, Michel George, Bernard Hamelin, Pierre Jean, Juergen Knoedlseder, Philippe Laporte, Carles Badenes, Phillipe Laurent, Robert Smither

Proceedings Volume 4851, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.461506

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Crystals, Diffraction, Telescopes, Gamma radiation, Space telescopes, Photons, Sun, Astrophysics, Optical instrument design

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Proceedings Article | 21 November 2002 Paper

Fabrication, testing, and performance of a variable-focus x-ray compound lens

Ali Khounsary, Sarvjit Shastri, A. Mashayekhi, Albert Macrander, Robert Smither, F. Kraft

Proceedings Volume 4783, (2002) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.455689

KEYWORDS: X-rays, Aluminum, Refraction, Absorption, Collimation, Monochromators, X-ray optics, Crystals, Beryllium, Ions

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Proceedings Article | 28 June 2001 Paper

Physics of medical imaging with crystal diffraction lenses

Robert Smither, Dante Roa

Proceedings Volume 4320, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.430916

KEYWORDS: Crystals, Diffraction, Gamma radiation, Medical imaging, Imaging systems, Sensors, Laser crystals, Lenses, Copper, Cancer

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Proceedings Article | 28 June 2001 Paper

Copper crystal lens for medical imaging: first results

Dante Roa, Robert Smither

Proceedings Volume 4320, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.430914

KEYWORDS: Crystals, Gamma radiation, Tumors, Diffraction, Copper, Breast, Sensors, Collimators, Chlorine, Medical imaging

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Proceedings Article | 25 April 2000 Paper

Crystal diffraction lens for medical imaging

Robert Smither, Dante Roa

Proceedings Volume 3977, (2000) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.384508

KEYWORDS: Crystals, Sensors, Diffraction, Imaging systems, Gamma radiation, Tumors, Cancer, Medical imaging, Scanners, Collimators

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Proceedings Article | 11 December 1997 Paper

Potential of a beryllium x-ray lens

Robert Smither, Ali Khounsary, Shenglan Xu

Proceedings Volume 3151, (1997) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.294474

KEYWORDS: Optical spheres, X-rays, Beryllium, Absorption, Scattering, Refraction, Aluminum, Laser scattering, Spherical lenses, Multi-element lenses

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The use of refractive lenses for focusing x-ray beams has been the subject of publications since the early 1980s. Detailed calculations have been made for different shapes for the refractive lens: cylindrical, spherical, parabolic, and for a Fresnel-type refractive lens. The main drawback to the use of a single refractive lens to focus x-rays is that the index of refraction (n equals 1 - (delta) ) is very close to 1, which results in a lens with a very long focal length. Recently Snigerov and others have suggested and experimentally demonstrated, using cylindrical-shaped lenses, that this problem of long focal lengths can be overcome by using many lenses in series. Each lens refracts the photon through a small angle, but the sum of these sequential changes in direction can be moderately large. This increase in effective refraction angle reduces the focal length of the lens to a few meters or less and makes the multi-element lens a much more useful instrument for focusing x-rays. This paper, annualizes the expected performance of a lens consisting of a series of aligned hollow spheres in a beryllium substrate. The use of hollow spheres rather than hollow cylinders produces focusing of the x rays into a small focal spot in contrast to the single-directional focusing of the hollow cylinders, which produces a line focus. The use of beryllium as the substrate results in lower photo cross sections for both scattering and absorption relative to the value of the refractive index as compared to higher-Z materials and results in higher transmission values than for lenses with thin webs between the lens elements without distorting the surfaces of the neighbor lens element. This plus beryllium's low density, keep the absorption and scattering in the web at a minimum. The calculations suggest that one will be able to make Be lenses with short focal lengths (1 to 2 m) with useable transmissions (10 to 30%). Two multi-element lenses have been constructed: one with 20 1-mm-diameter hollow spheres in an aluminum substrate, and one with 50 hollow spheres, 1 mm in diameter, in a beryllium substrate. Some construction details and calculations of the expected performance, are given for these two multi-element lenses.

Proceedings Article | 15 October 1997 Paper

Recent progress in focusing gamma rays

A. Kohnle, Robert Smither, Timothy Graber, Peter von Ballmoos

Proceedings Volume 3114, (1997) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.283788

KEYWORDS: Crystals, Sensors, Diffraction, Gamma radiation, Laser crystals, Germanium, Sensor calibration, Photonic crystals, Space telescopes, Calibration

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Proceedings Article | 18 October 1996 Paper

Crystal diffraction lens telescope for focusing nuclear gamma rays

Robert Smither, Patricia Fernandez, Timothy Graber, Peter von Ballmoos, Juan Naya, Francis Albernhe, Gilbert Vedrenne, Mohamed Faiz

Proceedings Volume 2806, (1996) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.254001

KEYWORDS: Crystals, Gamma radiation, Sensors, Diffraction, Energy efficiency, Telescopes, Germanium, Satellites, Laser crystals, Absorption

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Proceedings Article | 18 October 1996 Paper

Crystal diffraction telescopes for nuclear astrophysics

Peter von Ballmoos, Antje Kohnle, Juan Naya, Jean-Francois Olive, Gilbert Vedrenne, Robert Smither, Mohamed Faiz, Patricia Fernandez, Timothy Graber

Proceedings Volume 2806, (1996) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.253999

KEYWORDS: Crystals, Sensors, Space telescopes, Telescopes, Diffraction, Gamma radiation, Germanium, Detector arrays, Space operations, Prototyping

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Proceedings Article | 12 October 1996 Paper

Hard x-ray telescope mission

Paul Gorenstein, D. Worrall, Karsten Joensen, Suzanne Romaine, Martin Weisskopf, Brian Ramsey, James Bilbro, Richard Kroeger, Neil Gehrels, Ann Parsons, Robert Smither, Finn Christensen, Oberto Citterio, Peter von Ballmoos

Proceedings Volume 2807, (1996) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.255094

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Space telescopes, Crystals, X-ray telescopes, Mirrors, Telescopes, Hard x-rays, Multilayers, Spatial resolution, X-rays

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SPIE Journal Paper | 1 February 1995

High heat load monochromator development at the Advanced Photon Source

Wah Keat Lee, Dennis Mills, Lahsen Assoufid, Robert Blasdell, Patricia Fernandez, Carey Rogers, Robert Smither

OE, Vol. 34, Issue 02, (February 1995) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/12.194621

KEYWORDS: Crystals, Silicon, Monochromators, X-rays, Liquids, Laser crystals, Diamond, Liquid crystals, Diffraction, Metals

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Proceedings Article | 25 February 1993 Paper

Liquid-metal cooling of synchrotron optics

Robert Smither

Proceedings Volume 1739, (1993) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.140546

KEYWORDS: Crystals, Liquids, Gallium, Information operations, Metals, Silicon, Synchrotrons, Heat flux, Thermal engineering, Temperature metrology

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Proceedings Article | 25 February 1993 Paper

Diamond monochromator for high heat flux synchrotron x-ray beams

Ali Khounsary, Robert Smither, Steve Davey, Ankor Purohit

Proceedings Volume 1739, (1993) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.140532

KEYWORDS: Diamond, Crystals, Monochromators, Silicon, X-rays, Heat flux, Crystallography, Laser crystals, Thermal engineering, Synchrotrons

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Showing 5 of 17 publications

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