PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | September 10, 2011
Proc. SPIE. 8160, Polarization Science and Remote Sensing V
KEYWORDS: Modulation, Polarization, Scattering, Aerosols, Calibration, Wave plates, Polarimetry, Climatology, Atmospheric particles, Prototyping
We present the Spectropolarimeter for Planetary EXploration (SPEX), a high-accuracy linear spectropolarimeter
measuring from 400 to 800 nm (with 2 nm intensity resolution), that is compact (~ 1 liter), robust and
lightweight. This is achieved by employing the unconventional spectral polarization modulation technique, optimized
for linear polarimetry. The polarization modulator consists of an achromatic quarter-wave retarder and
a multiple-order retarder, followed by a polarizing beamsplitter, such that the incoming polarization state is
encoded as a sinusoidal modulation in the intensity spectrum, where the amplitude scales with the degree of
linear polarization, and the phase is determined by the angle of linear polarization. An optimized combination
of birefringent crystals creates an athermal multiple-order retarder, with a uniform retardance across the field
of view. Based on these specifications, SPEX is an ideal, passive remote sensing instrument for characterizing
planetary atmospheres from an orbiting, air-borne or ground-based platform. By measuring the intensity and
polarization spectra of sunlight that is scattered in the planetary atmosphere as a function of the single scattering
angle, aerosol microphysical properties (size, shape, composition), vertical distribution and optical thickness can
be derived. Such information is essential to fully understand the climate of a planet. A functional SPEX prototype
has been developed and calibrated, showing excellent agreement with end-to-end performance simulations.
Calibration tests show that the precision of the polarization measurements is at least 2 • 10-4. We performed
multi-angle spectropolarimetric measurements of the Earth's atmosphere from the ground in conjunction with
one of AERONET's sun photometers. Several applications exist for SPEX throughout the solar system, a.o. in
orbit around Mars, Jupiter and the Earth, and SPEX can also be part of a ground-based aerosol monitoring
network.
