Varifocal imaging using an optical lens that employs acoustic radiation force and a viscoelastic material and that has no
mechanical moving parts is investigated. The lens has a simple and thin structure that consists of an annular ultrasonic
transducer and silicone gel. An axially symmetric acoustic standing wave can be generated in the gel by exciting a vibration
mode in the radial direction on the transducer. The lens profile can be altered by varying the acoustic radiation force of
the transducer. The focal length can be controlled by varying the transducer input voltage so that the lens functions as a
variable-focus lens.
We report on the measurement of sound pressure in water utilizing the modulation of the optical reflectivity at the end of
an optical fiber. First, we develop a new experimental setup comprising a low-coherent light source to suppress the
interference noise. Then, we formulate the relation between the sound pressure and the modulation in the reflected light
intensity, and theoretically analyze the performance of this method with emphasis on the directivity and the sensitivity.
A compact, high-speed variable-focus liquid lens using acoustic radiation force is proposed. The lens consists of an annular
piezoelectric ultrasound transducer and an aluminum cell (height: 3 mm; diameter: 6 mm) filled with degassed water and
silicone oil. The profile of the oil-water interface can be rapidly varied by applying acoustic radiation force from the
transducer, allowing the liquid lens to be operated as a variable-focus lens. A theoretical model based on a spring-mass-dashpot
model is proposed for the vibration of the lens. The fastest response time of 6.7 ms was obtained with silicone oil
with a kinematic viscosity of 100 cSt.
We investigate endoscopic optical coherence elastography with micro-scale resolution using acoustic radiation force. The
endoscopic optical scanner has vibration of an optical fiber for scanning the measurement light from an optical coherence
tomography (OCT) system to sample tissue. The optical fiber with the length of mechanical resonance condition is vibrated
in the bending mode using a cylindrical piezoelectric actuator driven by the phase-shifted voltages, and the output light
from the optical fiber end is collimated by a small lens. The prototype of the scanner probe is 1 mm in diameter and
20 mm in length. Stress in the tissue is caused due to acoustic radiation force which is induced by the difference of acoustic
energy density at the interface of the propagating media using a focused transducer. The deformation of the tissue sample
is measured by the swept source OCT with the depth-scanning rate of 20 kHz and the depth resolution of 9 μm. The
displacement and the strain are calculated with the cross-correlation detection using the images before and after applying
the force. The strain is slowly relaxed after removal of the force, and the time-varying curve is theoretically modeled. We
demonstrated the measurement and the imaging of strain distribution with frame rate of 50 fps.
In this report, we propose an endoscopic scanner head for optical coherence tomography (OCT) using bending vibration of
an optical fiber. The optical fiber is attached to the center of a cylindrical piezoelectric actuator with four outer electrodes,
and the voltages with the phase shift of π/2 are applied to the electrodes to excite a circular vibration of the fiber end. The
output light from the fiber end is collimated by a lens, and deflected by 90 degrees using a cone mirror. The collimated light
is scanned along the circumference of the endoscope due to the vibration of the optical fiber end. We made a prototype
scanner head of 7.0 mm in outer diameter, and demonstrated tomographic imaging of tubular objects. The circumferential
scan is carried out at 1 kHz which is the frequency of the fiber vibration, while the radial (depth) scan is performed at
20 kHz by the wavelength sweep of the light source. Two-dimensional OCT images were obtained in a short measuring
time of 5 ms (flame rate of 200 fps), and three-dimensional dynamic imaging were demonstrated.
We propose a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor array system using a high-speed swept light source. The light source is
an external cavity semiconductor laser using an optical fiber coupling with a Littrow-mounted grating spectroscope, where
the fiber end is vibrated in the cantilever bending mode using a piezoelectric transducer. The incident angle to the grating
is scanned at ultrasonic frequency, and the output wavelength is swept according to the vibration displacement amplitude.
The maximum sweep rate of 167 kHz was achieved for the sweep range of 70 nm. In this report, the light source is used
for high speed and high sensitivity FBG sensor interrogation. First, to test the operation of the proposed FBG sensor, the
center wavelength variation due to temperature shift is measured in water. Second, we experimentally demonstrate the
measurements of dynamic strain oscillating at 10 kHz. The observation of high frequency vibration is achieved with a
sufficient sampling rate.
In this report, we propose a high-speed wavelength swept light source using vibrations of an optical fiber and an external
cavity laser. The end of an optical fiber coupling a semiconductor laser chip to a Littrow-mounted grating spectroscope
is vibrated in the cantilever bending mode using a piezoelectric transducer. The incident angle to the grating is scanned
at ultrasonic frequency, and the output wavelength is swept according to the vibration displacement amplitude. First, the
relationship between the sweep span of wavelength and the linewidth is studied for different diameters of collimating lens.
Second, the sweep characteristics of the output wavelength are observed in time domain. The maximum sweep rate of
167 kHz was achieved for the sweep span of 70 nm, the center wavelength of 1530 nm and the linewidth of 1.1 nm.
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