The brain diseases account for 30% of all known diseases. Pharmacological treatment is hampered by the blood–brain barrier, limiting drug delivery to the central nervous system (CNS). Transcranial photobiomodulation (tPBM) is a promising technology for treating brain diseases, due to its effectiveness, non-invasiveness, and affordability. tPBM has been widely used in pre-clinical experiments and clinical trials for treating brain diseases, such as stroke and Alzheimer’s disease. This review provides a comprehensive overview of tPBM. We summarize emerging trends and new discoveries in tPBM based on over one hundred references published in the past 20 years. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of tPBM and highlight successful experimental and clinical protocols for treating various brain diseases. A better understanding of tPBM mechanisms, the development of guidelines for clinical practice, and the study of dose-dependent and personal effects hold great promise for progress in treating brain diseases.
Diabetes can not only disrupt the blood brain barrier and the homeostasis of brain microenvironment, but also affect the function of immune cells. Since diabetes is a chronic disease, it is of great value to investigate the changes of various physiological indicators with the development of diabetes, while there are few relevant studies. In this work, the changes of blood brain barrier and microglial function in mice with the development of diabetes was in vivo monitored, using recently arisen skull optical clearing window with a variety of optical imaging techniques. The results showed that with the development of diabetes mellitus, the permeability of the blood brain barrier in the cortex of mice increased gradually, which further induced the morphological and functional changes of microglia. This study is expected to provide a reference for the study of diabetic complications, as well as interventional treatment and efficacy evaluation of diabetes mellitus.
To realize visualization of the skin microvascular dysfunction of type 1 diabetic mice, we combined laser speckle contrast imaging and hyperspectral imaging to simultaneously monitor the noradrenaline (NE)-induced responses of vascular blood flow and blood oxygen with the development of diabetes through optical clearing skin window. The main results showed that venous and arterious blood flow decreased without recovery after injection of NE; furthermore, the decrease of arterious blood oxygen induced by NE greatly weakened, especially for 2- and 4-week diabetic mice. This change in vasoconstricting effect of NE was related to the expression of α1-adrenergic receptor. This study demonstrated that skin microvascular function was a potential research biomarker for early warning in the occurrence and development of diabetes. The in vivo skin optical clearing method provides a feasible solution to realize visualization of cutaneous microvessels for monitoring microvascular reactivity under pathological conditions. In addition, visual monitoring of skin microvascular function response has guiding significance for early diagnosis of diabetes and clinical research.
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