Iron is one of the major elements on the Moon. In general, it exists in two forms, i.e. FeO and submicroscopic metallic iron (SMFe). The presence of FeO on the Moon is of great significance in studying the history of lunar lava differentiation and its evolution. However, it has been difficult to inverse the abundance of FeO from the spectral data of the Moon, since the two forms of iron have opposite optical effects on the spectral absorption characteristics of the lunar surface. The spectral absorption depth will be strengthened by FeO, while weakened by SMFe that is produced by space weathering. The FeO of the Moon is inversed either directly from reflectance spectra or spectral absorption characteristics of satellite, telescope and in-situ obtained spectra, both without taking into account the effect of space weathering, which may induce bias on the FeO inverse. The degree of space weathering can be expressed by various maturity indexes, such as magnetic maturity (e.g. Is and Is/FeO) and optical maturity (e.g. OMAT and continuum slope). To better quantitate the content of FeO from the lunar spectra, in this study, we first investigate the variations of spectral absorption depth and maturity indexes due to different degrees of space weathering using Hapke radiative transfer model. Then the correlation of different maturity indexes is analyzed. Based on these, to consider the optical effects of FeO and SMFe, a novel method to inverse the FeO from lunar spectra are established. By comparing the FeO derived with the new method with four methods proposed by others, the FeO derived in this study yields a better correlation with laboratory measured FeO contents using LSCC data.
The satellite laser altimeter requires high-precision on-orbit geometric calibration to ensure the accuracy of the laser altimeter data. However, the calibration method based on undulating terrain may have multiple solutions under complex terrain, which means that the calibration parameters may converge to the local optimal solution. In order to solve the problem, a satellite laser altimeter pointing and ranging calibration algorithm based on simulated annealing is proposed, which can reduce the possibility of the calibration parameters to converge to the local optimal solution. In 10 sets of comparative experiments, there are 2 sets of result converging to the local optimal solution using algorithm based on Monte-Carlo simulation, while all sets of result converge to the global optimal solution using algorithm based on simulated annealing. After calibration with the proposed algorithm, the average of elevation error decreased from about 9.1m to within 3m, and standard error decreased from about 1m to about 0.5m. The results show that the calibration algorithm based on simulated annealing can effectively prevent the calibration parameters from converging to the local optimal solution, and can effectively improve the accuracy of laser altimeter data.
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