To investigate the fouling characteristics of modified PES membrane in submerged Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) for
domestic wastewater treatment, Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) study was conducted to analyze the microstructure
characteristics of PES membrane. Surface roughness and section analysis of both virgin and fouled membrane were
achieved by software of NanoScope 6.12. Compared to the virgin membrane, the average roughness (Ra), square average
roughness (Rms) and ten points average roughness (Rz) of fouled membrane were increased by 100.6nm, 133.7nm and
330.7nm respectively. The section analysis results indicated that the cake layer formed and membrane pore blocked were
the main causes for the increase of TMP. Micro-filtration resistance analysis was conducted to support the results of
AFM analysis. It is showed that membrane resistance, cake resistance, pore blocking and irreversible fouling resistance
is 0.755, 1.721 and 1.386 respectively, which contributed 20%, 44%, and 36%, respectively, to total resistance of
submerged MBR (at MLSS 6000mg/L and flux 21.9L/m2·h). The results proved that AFM could be used to properly
describe the fouling characteristics of modified PES membrane in submerged MBR through roughness and section
analysis.
KEYWORDS: Global Positioning System, Forestry, Geographic information systems, Remote sensing, Personal digital assistants, Databases, Data storage, Control systems, Web services, Geography
Forest plays an important part in the sustainable development. Digital forest implementation will be helpful in cognizing
and managing the forest. The paper discusses the programming theory of digital forest construction, and constructs the
basic framework of digital forest using a series of modern information technologies, including integration of GPS, GIS
and RS, software development and computer network. Taking monitoring of forestry biological pest as a thematic
application case and adopting a series of successfully developed systems, this paper validates that it is feasible to
implement digital forest with this method.
Rendering and broadcasting the large scale terrain on internet is a hot and challenging topic in the Computer Graphics
research field. In order to get the ideal terrain rendering, some experts have put forward a couple of good solutions for
Level of Detail (LOD) which effectively reduces the quantity of the presented triangles, including the quad-tree
algorithm on which this paper is based. Rather than the quad-tree algorithm itself which has been discussed a lot, this
paper has elaborated a series of methods used in developing this algorithm during the process of rendering and
broadcasting large scale terrain. In this paper, we have discussed these methods in the following sequence: first terrain
data preprocessing, then rendering and last broadcasting, in which order the practice will also follow. It has been proved
that these methods are quite effective according to the success of the "Remote Forest Monitoring System," which is
based on them.
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