Dr. Suning Tang Profile

Dr. Suning Tang

President at Crystal Research Inc

SPIE Involvement:

Conference Program Committee | Conference Chair | Track Chair | Author | Editor

Publications (90)

PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | March 3, 2015

Wavelength-tunable laser based on electro-optic effect

Proc. SPIE. 9343, Laser Resonators, Microresonators, and Beam Control XVII

KEYWORDS: Prisms, Tunable lasers, Optical amplifiers, Scanners, Crystals, Electrons, Wavelength tuning, Laser crystals, Electro optics, Temperature metrology

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | February 28, 2009

Comparative studies of Nd:YxGd1-xVO4 laser with direct and indirect pumping

Proc. SPIE. 7193, Solid State Lasers XVIII: Technology and Devices

KEYWORDS: Resonators, Crystals, Semiconductor lasers, Laser resonators, Diodes, Laser crystals, Yttrium, Gadolinium, Crystallography, Absorption

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SPIE Journal Paper | December 1, 2008

Laser performance study of mixed vanadate crystals Nd:Y_xGd_1-xVO₄ with direct and indirect pumping

Fernelius, Nils , Tang, Yuanji , Hartwick, Thomas , Tang, Suning

OE Vol. 47 Issue 12

KEYWORDS: Crystals, Laser crystals, Gadolinium, Semiconductor lasers, Transmission electron microscopy, Crystallography, Laser resonators, Yttrium, Neodymium, Absorption

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | November 18, 2008

Highly efficient diode pumped solid state lasers using mixed vanadate crystals Nd:YxGd1-xVO4 for laser communications

Proc. SPIE. 7135, Optoelectronic Materials and Devices III

KEYWORDS: Resonators, Crystals, Semiconductor lasers, Laser resonators, Diodes, Laser crystals, Yttrium, Gadolinium, Crystallography, Absorption

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | November 18, 2008

KTN-based electro-optic beam scanner

Proc. SPIE. 7135, Optoelectronic Materials and Devices III

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Potassium, Scanners, Crystals, Dielectrics, Laser scanners, Laser crystals, Electro optics, Tantalum, Temperature metrology

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | August 27, 2008

Liquid crystal based electro-optic Bragg gratings for laser beam attenuations

Proc. SPIE. 7050, Liquid Crystals XII

KEYWORDS: Diffraction, Fiber Bragg gratings, Signal attenuation, Polymers, Glasses, Attenuators, Liquid crystals, Free space optics, Electro optics, Diffraction gratings

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | February 5, 2008

High-speed laser beam attenuators based on electro-optic Bragg gratings

Proc. SPIE. 6838, Optoelectronic Devices and Integration II

KEYWORDS: Diffraction, Fiber Bragg gratings, Signal attenuation, Polymers, Glasses, Attenuators, Liquid crystals, Free space optics, Electro optics, Diffraction gratings

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | September 25, 2007

A novel high-speed electro-optic beam scanner based on KTN crystals

Proc. SPIE. 6709, Free-Space Laser Communications VII

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Potassium, Scanners, Crystals, Laser scanners, Laser crystals, 3D scanning, Niobium, Electro optics, Temperature metrology

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | February 9, 2007

Large aperture laser beam attenuator using electro-optic gratings

Proc. SPIE. 6487, Emerging Liquid Crystal Technologies II

KEYWORDS: Diffraction, Refractive index, Fiber Bragg gratings, Signal attenuation, Polymers, Glasses, Attenuators, Liquid crystals, Electro optics, Diffraction gratings

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | February 28, 2006

Laser properties of mixed Nd:Y_1-xGd_x VO₄ with different crystal compositions

Proc. SPIE. 6100, Solid State Lasers XV: Technology and Devices

KEYWORDS: Luminescence, Crystals, Ions, Laser applications, Doping, Thermal effects, Laser crystals, Yttrium, Neodymium, Gadolinium

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | February 23, 2006

A fast electrically controlled large aperture laser beam attenuator

Proc. SPIE. 6117, Organic Photonic Materials and Devices VIII

KEYWORDS: Diffraction, Refractive index, Modulation, Polymers, Glasses, Attenuators, Liquid crystals, Electro optics, Photorefractive polymers, Diffraction gratings

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SPIE Journal Paper | May 1, 2005

Integrated high-speed digital optical true-time-delay line with embedded electrically switchable gratings

Lu, Xuejun , Tang, Suning , Lin, Jibing , Cologrove, Jennifer , Tang, Yuanji , Wang, X. , Zheng, Lei , Foshee, James

OE Vol. 44 Issue 05

KEYWORDS: Fiber Bragg gratings, Polymers, Waveguides, Liquid crystals, Polymer multimode waveguides, Integrated optics, Picosecond phenomena, Refractive index, Switching, Diffraction

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | April 4, 2005

Thermal and thermo-optical properties of new Nd:Y_xGd_1-xVO₄ crystals

Proc. SPIE. 5723, Optical Components and Materials II

KEYWORDS: Thermal optics, Crystals, Laser applications, Nd:YAG lasers, Refraction, Thermal effects, Laser crystals, Yttrium, Neodymium, Gadolinium

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | March 31, 2005

An integrated 4-bit optical true-time-delay module for synthetic aperture radars

Proc. SPIE. 5728, Integrated Optics: Devices, Materials, and Technologies IX

KEYWORDS: Switching, Waveguides, Fiber Bragg gratings, Synthetic aperture radar, Polymers, Liquid crystals, Integrated optics, Electro optics, Phased array optics, Polymer multimode waveguides

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | March 25, 2005

Integrated electrically switchable gratings for optical interconnects

Proc. SPIE. 5729, Optoelectronic Integrated Circuits VII

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Fiber Bragg gratings, Polymers, Liquid crystals, Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, Electro optics, Optical interconnects, Electro optic polymers, Polymer multimode waveguides, Diffraction gratings

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | January 17, 2005

Integrated high-speed digital optical true-time-delay module for synthetic aperture radars

Proc. SPIE. 5644, Optoelectronic Devices and Integration

KEYWORDS: Switching, Waveguides, Fiber Bragg gratings, Synthetic aperture radar, Polymers, Liquid crystals, Integrated optics, Electro optics, Phased array optics, Polymer multimode waveguides

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | January 17, 2005

On-chip switched optical waveguide interconnect

Proc. SPIE. 5644, Optoelectronic Devices and Integration

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | June 14, 2004

Switched optical polymeric waveguide true-time-delay lines for wideband photonics phased array antennas

Proc. SPIE. 5356, Optoelectronic Integrated Circuits VI

KEYWORDS: Switching, Waveguides, Fiber Bragg gratings, Polymers, Liquid crystals, Antennas, Phased arrays, Electro optics, Phased array optics, Polymer multimode waveguides

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | July 9, 2003

Photonic polymers and their optoelectronic applications

Proc. SPIE. 4998, Photonic Integrated Systems

KEYWORDS: Holograms, Holography, Waveguides, Polymers, Photonic crystals, Optoelectronics, Liquid crystals, Integrated optics, Phased array optics, Polymer multimode waveguides

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | August 30, 2002

Holographically formed photonic polymers and their optoelectronic applications

Proc. SPIE. 4924, Holography, Diffractive Optics, and Applications

KEYWORDS: Holograms, Holography, Waveguides, Polymers, Photonic crystals, Optoelectronics, Liquid crystals, Photonic integrated circuits, Phased array optics, Polymer multimode waveguides

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SPIE Conference Volume | October 11, 2001

Fiber Optic Components, Subsystems, and Systems for Telecommunications

SPIE Journal Paper | July 1, 2001

Photonics for time delay in communication systems

Shi, Zan , Yang, Jianyi , Foshee, James , Hartman, Walter , Tang, Suning , Chen, Ray

OE Vol. 40 Issue 07

SPIE Journal Paper | July 1, 2001

Photonic radio frequency mixer using metal-semiconductor-metal photodetectors

Li, Bing , Lin, Lei , Tang, Suning , Liu, Yujie , Chen, Ray

OE Vol. 40 Issue 07

SPIE Journal Paper | July 1, 2001

Polymeric waveguide prism-based electro-optic beam deflector

Sun, Lin , Kim, Jin-ha , Jang, Chiou-Hung , An, Dechang , Lu, Xuejun , Zhou, Qingjun , Taboada, John , Chen, Ray , Maki, Jeffery , Tang, Suning , Zhang, Hua , Steier, William , Zhang, Cheng , Dalton, Larry

OE Vol. 40 Issue 07

SPIE Journal Paper | July 1, 2001

Active and Passive Components for Optical Networks

Li, Yao , Tang, Suning

OE Vol. 40 Issue 07

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | June 15, 2001

Polymetric waveguide beam deflector for electro-optic switching

Proc. SPIE. 4279, Organic Photonic Materials and Devices III

KEYWORDS: Refractive index, Prisms, Switching, Modulation, Waveguides, Electrodes, Polymers, Electro optics, Photorefractive polymers, Polymer multimode waveguides

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | May 30, 2001

Photonics for time delay in communication systems

Proc. SPIE. 4292, Optoelectronic Interconnects VIII

KEYWORDS: Optical design, Modulation, Waveguides, Satellites, Telecommunications, Signal processing, Photonics, Antennas, Satellite communications, Phased array optics

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | May 30, 2001

Thin film polymeric waveguide beam deflector based on thermo-optic effect

Proc. SPIE. 4292, Optoelectronic Interconnects VIII

KEYWORDS: Thin films, Prisms, Thermal optics, Waveguides, Cladding, Electrodes, Polymers, Planar waveguides, Polymer thin films, Polymer multimode waveguides

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SPIE Conference Volume | May 30, 2001

Optoelectronic Interconnects VIII

PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | December 15, 2000

Photonic phased-array antenna system based on detector-switched optical Blass matrix true-time-delay steering and heterodyne rf generation

Proc. SPIE. 4087, Applications of Photonic Technology 4

KEYWORDS: Photodetectors, Switching, Sensors, Photonics systems, Heterodyning, Antennas, Signal generators, Phased array optics, Channel projecting optics, Diffraction gratings

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | October 9, 2000

Polymeric waveguide circuits for true time delay (TTD) in phased array antennas

Proc. SPIE. 4225, Optical Interconnects for Telecommunication and Data Communications

KEYWORDS: Photodetectors, Waveguides, Sensors, Polymers, Wave propagation, Antennas, Phased arrays, Microwave radiation, Phased array optics, Polymer multimode waveguides

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SPIE Conference Volume | October 9, 2000

Optical Interconnects for Telecommunication and Data Communications

PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | April 27, 2000

Switching characteristic of wideband MSM and PIN photodetectors for photonic phased-array antennas

Proc. SPIE. 3952, Optoelectronic Interconnects VII; Photonics Packaging and Integration II

KEYWORDS: Photodetectors, Switches, Switching, Waveguides, Sensors, Antennas, Phased arrays, Signal detection, PIN photodiodes, Phased array optics

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SPIE Conference Volume | April 27, 2000

Optoelectronic Interconnects VII; Photonics Packaging and Integration II

PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | April 27, 2000

Fabrication and testing of polyimide thermo-optic switches

Proc. SPIE. 3952, Optoelectronic Interconnects VII; Photonics Packaging and Integration II

KEYWORDS: Fabrication, Switches, Thermal optics, Waveguides, Electrodes, Polymers, Silicon, Optical fabrication, Objectives, Semiconducting wafers

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | April 27, 2000

Novel guided-wave thermo-optic beam deflector

Proc. SPIE. 3952, Optoelectronic Interconnects VII; Photonics Packaging and Integration II

KEYWORDS: Prisms, Thermal optics, Silica, Waveguides, Polymers, Planar waveguides, Beam propagation method, Photorefractive polymers, Temperature metrology, Polymer multimode waveguides

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | April 27, 2000

Optical true-time-delay lines using polyimide-based waveguides for wideband phased-array antennas

Proc. SPIE. 3952, Optoelectronic Interconnects VII; Photonics Packaging and Integration II

KEYWORDS: Beam steering, Waveguides, Cladding, Polymers, Coating, Photomasks, Antennas, Phased arrays, Semiconducting wafers, Phased array optics

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | April 27, 2000

MT-compatible polymeric waveguide couplers for optoelectronic packaging

Proc. SPIE. 3952, Optoelectronic Interconnects VII; Photonics Packaging and Integration II

KEYWORDS: Thin films, Channel waveguides, Waveguides, Polymers, Optical fabrication, Optoelectronic devices, Wave propagation, Connectors, Optoelectronic packaging, Polymer multimode waveguides

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | April 21, 2000

High-speed electro-optic switches for WDM applications

Proc. SPIE. 3949, WDM and Photonic Switching Devices for Network Applications

KEYWORDS: Prisms, Holograms, Holography, Waveguides, Polymers, Multiplexing, Planar waveguides, Electro optics, Electro optic polymers, Polymer multimode waveguides

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | April 19, 2000

1x2 Y-fed directional coupler modulator based on electro-optic polymer

Proc. SPIE. 3950, Optoelectronic Integrated Circuits IV

KEYWORDS: Polyurethane, Switching, Modulation, Waveguides, Electrodes, Polymers, Modulators, Directional couplers, Electro optic polymers, Polymer multimode waveguides

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | April 19, 2000

Substrate-guided wave optical true-time-delay feeding network for phased-array antenna steering

Proc. SPIE. 3950, Optoelectronic Integrated Circuits IV

KEYWORDS: Photodetectors, Diffraction, Switches, RF photonics, Photonics systems, Heterodyning, Antennas, Optical networks, Phased array optics, Diffraction gratings

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | April 19, 2000

Beam deflection with electro-optic polymeric waveguide prism array

Proc. SPIE. 3950, Optoelectronic Integrated Circuits IV

KEYWORDS: Prisms, Waveguides, Electrodes, Polymers, Wave propagation, Planar waveguides, Electro optics, Beam propagation method, Electro optic polymers, Polymer multimode waveguides

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SPIE Journal Paper | March 1, 2000

Ultra-low-loss polymeric waveguide circuits for optical true-time delays in wideband phased-array antennas

Tang, Suning , Li, Bulang , Jiang, Nianhua , An, Dechang , Fu, Zhenhai , Wu, Linghui , Chen, Ray

OE Vol. 39 Issue 03

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Polymers, Polymer multimode waveguides, Phased array optics, Antennas, Photodetectors, Neodymium, Optical circuits, Channel waveguides, Wave propagation

SPIE Journal Paper | March 1, 2000

Highly efficient linear waveguide modulator based on domain-inverted electro-optic polymers

Tang, Suning , Shi, Zan , An, Dechang , Sun, Lin , Chen, Ray

OE Vol. 39 Issue 03

KEYWORDS: Modulators, Modulation, Waveguides, Polymers, Electrodes, Directional couplers, Intermodulation, Switching, Electro optic polymers, Analog electronics

PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | October 5, 1999

Multifunctional photonic devices based on polymeric materials

Proc. SPIE. 3799, Organic Photorefractives, Photoreceptors, Waveguides, and Fibers

KEYWORDS: Optical amplifiers, Switching, Modulation, Waveguides, Electrodes, Polymers, Ions, Modulators, Neodymium, Electro optics

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | April 13, 1999

Packaging of tapered waveguides with MT connectors to cost effectively facilitate connection of single-mode and multimode optical networks

Proc. SPIE. 3632, Optoelectronic Interconnects VI

KEYWORDS: Packaging, Optical fibers, Waveguides, Polymers, Interfaces, Networks, Connectors, Optical networks, Data communications, Short haul

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | April 13, 1999

Optical clock distribution in supercomputers using polyimide-based waveguides

Proc. SPIE. 3632, Optoelectronic Interconnects VI

KEYWORDS: Clocks, Channel waveguides, Waveguides, Signal attenuation, Polymers, Optoelectronics, Wave propagation, Optical clocks, Reactive ion etching, Polymer multimode waveguides

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | April 13, 1999

High-speed traveling-wave electrodes for polymeric electro-optic modulators

Proc. SPIE. 3632, Optoelectronic Interconnects VI

KEYWORDS: Gold, Electrodes, Polymers, Metals, Chromium, Photoresist materials, Plating, Microwave radiation, Electroplating, Electro optic polymers

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | April 13, 1999

Si CMOS process-compatible guided-wave optical interconnects

Proc. SPIE. 3632, Optoelectronic Interconnects VI

KEYWORDS: Clocks, Waveguides, Polymers, Silicon, Optoelectronics, Signal processing, Optical clocks, Aluminum, Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, Optical interconnects

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | April 13, 1999

High-throughput optoelectronic interconnect for holographic memory devices

Proc. SPIE. 3632, Optoelectronic Interconnects VI

KEYWORDS: Holograms, Holography, Waveguides, Polymers, Interfaces, Wavelength division multiplexing, Optoelectronics, Charge-coupled devices, Optical storage, Polymer multimode waveguides

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | April 13, 1999

Laser beam deflector based on a domain-inverted electro-optic polymeric waveguide prism array

Proc. SPIE. 3632, Optoelectronic Interconnects VI

KEYWORDS: Thin films, Prisms, Waveguides, Electrodes, Polymers, Refraction, Planar waveguides, Electro optics, Electro optic polymers, Polymer multimode waveguides

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SPIE Conference Volume | April 13, 1999

Optoelectronic Interconnects VI

PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | April 13, 1999

Linearized Y-coupler modulator based on a domain-inverted polymeric waveguide

Proc. SPIE. 3632, Optoelectronic Interconnects VI

KEYWORDS: Modulation, Waveguides, Cladding, Electrodes, Polymers, Distortion, Modulators, Polymer thin films, Electro optic polymers, Polymer multimode waveguides

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | April 13, 1999

Polymer-based optical waveguide circuits for photonic phased-array antennas

Proc. SPIE. 3632, Optoelectronic Interconnects VI

KEYWORDS: Photodetectors, Waveguides, Polymers, Antennas, Phased arrays, Microwave radiation, Phased array optics, Channel projecting optics, Polymer multimode waveguides, Diffraction gratings

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | April 13, 1999

Thermo-optically tuned cascaded polymer waveguide taps

Proc. SPIE. 3632, Optoelectronic Interconnects VI

KEYWORDS: Fabrication, Channel waveguides, Polymethylmethacrylate, Thermal optics, Waveguides, Cladding, Electrodes, Polymers, Semiconducting wafers, Polymer multimode waveguides

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | September 25, 1998

Polyimide-based guided-wave multigigabit per second optical clock signal distribution system for Cray T-90 supercomputer

Proc. SPIE. 3417, Photopolymer Device Physics, Chemistry, and Applications IV

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | August 12, 1998

Board-level optical clock signal distribution using Si CMOS-compatible polyimide-based 1- to 48-fanout H-tree

Proc. SPIE. 3551, Integrated Optoelectronics II

KEYWORDS: Clocks, Channel waveguides, Waveguides, Signal attenuation, Polymers, Silicon, Optoelectronics, Wave propagation, Optical clocks, Polymer multimode waveguides

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | May 5, 1998

Reconfigurable electro-optic interconnects using holographic elements

Proc. SPIE. 3288, Optoelectronic Interconnects V

KEYWORDS: Prisms, Holograms, Holography, Waveguides, Polymers, Multiplexing, Planar waveguides, Electro optics, Electro optic polymers, Polymer multimode waveguides

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | May 5, 1998

Linear electro-optic modulator based on an array of Mach-Zehnder interferometers

Proc. SPIE. 3288, Optoelectronic Interconnects V

KEYWORDS: Mach-Zehnder interferometers, Modulation, Interferometers, Electrodes, Distortion, Modulators, Intermodulation, Electrooptic modulators, Directional couplers, Electro optic polymers

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | May 5, 1998

Efficient waveguide couplers using tilted gratings for optoelectronic interconnects

Proc. SPIE. 3288, Optoelectronic Interconnects V

KEYWORDS: Diffraction, Optical design, Waveguides, Teeth, Polymers, Silicon, Optoelectronics, Aluminum, Polymer multimode waveguides, Diffraction gratings

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | May 5, 1998

Fabrication of three-dimensional tapered polymeric waveguides using the compression-molding technique

Proc. SPIE. 3288, Optoelectronic Interconnects V

KEYWORDS: Fabrication, Molecular bridges, Waveguides, Polymers, Optoelectronic devices, Bridges, Helium neon lasers, Tolerancing, Polymer thin films, Polymer multimode waveguides

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | May 5, 1998

Guest-host-system polymer with high electro-optic coefficients

Proc. SPIE. 3288, Optoelectronic Interconnects V

KEYWORDS: Electrodes, Polymers, Glasses, Molecules, Crystals, Chromophores, Electro optics, Polymer thin films, Electro optic polymers, Dielectric breakdown

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | April 17, 1998

Domain-inverted electro-optic polymeric waveguide beam deflector

Proc. SPIE. 3281, Polymer Photonic Devices

KEYWORDS: Prisms, Waveguides, Cladding, Electrodes, Polymers, Crystals, Planar waveguides, Electro optics, Electro optic polymers, Polymer multimode waveguides

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | February 1, 1998

Two-dimensional wavelength division demultiplexer with surface-normal configuration

Proc. SPIE. 3234, Design and Manufacturing of WDM Devices

KEYWORDS: Holography, Demultiplexers, Optical interconnects

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | August 18, 1997

Compression-molded three-dimensional tapered polymeric waveguides for low-loss optoelectronic packaging

Proc. SPIE. 3184, Microelectronic Packaging and Laser Processing

KEYWORDS: Fabrication, Channel waveguides, Molecular bridges, Waveguides, Polymers, Optoelectronic devices, Bridges, Light wave propagation, Optoelectronic packaging, Polymer multimode waveguides

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | July 29, 1997

Polyimide-based waveguides for guided-wave multi-Gbit/sec MCM optoelectronic interconnects

Proc. SPIE. 10290, Sol-Gel and Polymer Photonic Devices: A Critical Review

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Sensors, Signal attenuation, Silicon, Computing systems, Optoelectronics, Signal processing, Optical clocks, Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, Signal detection

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We present the fabrication of polyimide-based H-tree waveguides for a multi-GBit/sec optical clock signal distribution in a Si CMOS process compatible environment. Such a clock distribution system is to replace the existing electronic counterpart associated with high-performance computers. A waveguide propagation loss of 0.21 dB/cm at 850 nm was experimentally confirmed for the l-to-48 waveguide fanout device, l-to-2 splitting loss and bending loss were measured to be 0.25 dB and higher. The planarization requirement of the optical interconnection layer among many electrical interconnection layers makes the employment of tilted grating a choice of desire. Theoretical calculation predicts the 1-to-l free-space to waveguide coupling with an efficiency as high as 95%. Currently, a coupling efficiency of 35% was experimentally confirmed due to the limited index difference between guiding and cladding layers. Further experiments aimed at structuring a larger guiding/cladding layer index differences are under investigation. To effectively couple an optical signal into the waveguide through the tided grating coupler, the accuracy of the wavelength employed is pivotal. This makes the usage of the vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) and VCSEL arrays the best choice when compared with edge-emitting lasers. Modulation bandwidth as high as 6 GBit/sec was demonstrated at 850 nm. Such a wavelength is compatible with Si-based photodetectors. Temperature dependence of the threshold current up to 155 °C was measured which will determine the power dissipation issue of the optoelectronic packaging. Finally, the first fully monolithic Si-MOSFET integrated receiver was made as the optical clock signal detector. To further enhance the bandwidth of such a detector, a resonant cavity structure with Si/Si02 as the bottom mirror was employed. The measured demodulation bandwidth is over 10 GHz. A fully integrated guided-wave optical clock signal distribution system having planarized grating couplers, H-tree Si- CMOS process compatible waveguides, VCSELs and Si-based photo-receivers will be demonstrated in the near future.

PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | June 6, 1997

Fabrication of LD-3 polymer directional couplers

Proc. SPIE. 2994, Physics and Simulation of Optoelectronic Devices V

KEYWORDS: Channel waveguides, Waveguides, Cladding, Electrodes, Polymers, Silicon, Nonlinear optics, Photomasks, Semiconducting wafers, Directional couplers

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | April 4, 1997

Polymer waveguide-based high-speed clock signal distribution system

Proc. SPIE. 3005, Optoelectronic Interconnects and Packaging IV

KEYWORDS: Clocks, Channel waveguides, Waveguides, Polymers, Adaptive optics, Optoelectronics, Optical clocks, Channel projecting optics, Polymer multimode waveguides, Multiphoton lithography

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | April 4, 1997

Unidirectional surface-normal waveguide grating couplers for wafer-scale MCM interconnect

Proc. SPIE. 3005, Optoelectronic Interconnects and Packaging IV

KEYWORDS: Photodetectors, Waveguides, Polymers, Silicon, Photoresist materials, Optoelectronics, Aluminum, Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, Optical interconnects, Polymer multimode waveguides

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | April 4, 1997

Design of an electro-optic directional coupler with four sections poled in four perpendicular directions

Proc. SPIE. 3005, Optoelectronic Interconnects and Packaging IV

KEYWORDS: Switches, Switching, Waveguides, Polarization, Electrodes, Electro optics, Tolerancing, Directional couplers, Electro optical design, Light wave propagation

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | April 4, 1997

Compression-molded three-dimensional tapered optical polymeric waveguides for optoelectronic packaging

Proc. SPIE. 3005, Optoelectronic Interconnects and Packaging IV

KEYWORDS: Fabrication, Channel waveguides, Molecular bridges, Waveguides, Polymers, Optoelectronic devices, Wave propagation, Bridges, Polymer thin films, Polymer multimode waveguides

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | January 22, 1997

Inverse poling techniques in crosslinkable polymer electro-optic materials

Proc. SPIE. 3006, Optoelectronic Integrated Circuits

KEYWORDS: Electrodes, Polymers, Crystals, Chromophores, Nonlinear optics, Epoxies, Electro optics, Polymer thin films, Electro optic polymers, Liquids

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | September 30, 1996

Board-level optical clock signal distribution based on guided-wave optical interconnects in conjunction with waveguide holograms

Proc. SPIE. 2891, Integrated Optoelectronics

KEYWORDS: Holograms, Clocks, Channel waveguides, Waveguides, Polymers, Adaptive optics, Optoelectronics, Optical clocks, Channel projecting optics, Polymer multimode waveguides

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | September 13, 1996

Grating-based surface-normal optoelectronic interconnects on Si substrate

Proc. SPIE. 2877, Optical Characterization Techniques for High-Performance Microelectronic Device Manufacturing III

KEYWORDS: Diffraction, Clocks, Waveguides, Etching, Silicon, Photoresist materials, Optical clocks, Aluminum, Reactive ion etching, Diffraction gratings

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | September 13, 1996

Polymer waveguide-based 1-GHz clock signal distribution system

Proc. SPIE. 2877, Optical Characterization Techniques for High-Performance Microelectronic Device Manufacturing III

KEYWORDS: Holography, Clocks, Channel waveguides, Waveguides, Polymers, Adaptive optics, Optoelectronics, Optical clocks, Channel projecting optics, Polymer multimode waveguides

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | April 5, 1995

Compact surface-normal coupled optical interconnects with wavelength-division-demultiplexing capability

Proc. SPIE. 2400, Optoelectronic Interconnects III

KEYWORDS: Packaging, Photodetectors, Optical design, Holograms, Holography, Waveguides, Polymers, Multiplexing, Planar waveguides, Polymer multimode waveguides

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | April 5, 1995

Novel Si-substrate-mode-based wafer scale optical clock distribution architecture

Proc. SPIE. 2400, Optoelectronic Interconnects III

KEYWORDS: Diffraction, Clocks, Waveguides, Etching, Silicon, Optical clocks, Reactive ion etching, Semiconducting wafers, Surface finishing, Diffraction gratings

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | April 5, 1995

Three-dimensional guided-free-space multistage optoelectronic fanout interconnection using wavelength division multiplexing and space division multiplexing

Proc. SPIE. 2400, Optoelectronic Interconnects III

KEYWORDS: Diffraction, Optical design, Holograms, Waveguides, Photography, Semiconductor lasers, Optoelectronics, Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, Optical interconnects, Tolerancing

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An integrated 3-D guided-free-space 4-stage optoelectronic fan-out (6 X 6, 2 X 6, 6 X 6 and 2 X 6) interconnect using WDDM is proposed and demonstrated together with 2 X 4 X 5 3-D optoelectronic fan-out using SDDM. This channel separation is one order of magnitude smaller than that using wavelength-selective detecting technique in WDDM. Signal to noise ratio of 57 dB is experimentally determined, with two channel 40 (2 X 4 X 5) fan-outs having a channel separation of 600 micrometers in SDDM. The interconnection scheme presented herein allows each pixel within a transmitting plane to communicate simultaneously and reconfigurably with many pixels in the subsequent planes in a truly three-dimensional feature. This system can utilize vertical cavity surface emitting laser diodes, photo detecting planes and planarized guided-free-space fan-out interconnects, allowing compact multi-stage integration. By using two-dimensional spatially separated or multiplexed hologram arrays on a thin light guiding plate, the interconnection capability is greatly enhanced as compared to other techniques. This novel optoelectronic interconnect should find widespread applications in microelectronics systems and fiber-optic communication networks. In this paper, we report the demonstration of a new solution that employs guided-free-space optical parallel fan-out interconnects. It takes advantage of such exclusive characteristics of optical interconnects as high packing density, massive single- wavelength fan-out and wavelength multiplexibility. Unlike the previously reported research, the interconnection scheme presented herein allows each pixel in a transmitting plane to communicate simultaneously and reconfigurably with many pixels in the subsequent planes with a truly three-dimensional (3-D) feature. Moreover, WD(D)M configuration can be maintained while extending into space-division-demultiplexing (SDDM) based on the fact that each VCSEL is spatially separated in the transmitting plane. As a result, each channel does not need to have many laser diodes operating at different wavelengths in order to facilitate the spontaneous communications with many pixels in the detecting planes. This new approach significantly reduces the fabrication requirements imposed on the laser diodes (with multiple output wavelengths) and on the photodetectors (with wavelength-selectivity). A one-to-one 2-D interconnect scheme is extended into a one-to-many 3-D one.

PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | April 5, 1995

Integrated wavelength tunable filters based on resonant Mach-Zender interferometer

Proc. SPIE. 2400, Optoelectronic Interconnects III

KEYWORDS: Optical filters, Mach-Zehnder interferometers, Thermal optics, Waveguides, Interferometers, Polymers, Transmittance, Tunable filters, Phase shifts, Polymer multimode waveguides

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | May 2, 1994

Design limitations of highly parallel free-space optical interconnects based on arrays of vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser diodes, microlenses, and photodetectors

Proc. SPIE. 2153, Optoelectronic Interconnects II

KEYWORDS: Photodetectors, Microlens array, Sensors, Optoelectronics, Microlens, Transmittance, Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, Optical networks, Optical interconnects, Optical instrument design

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | May 2, 1994

Multiple diffraction of massive fanout optical interconnects based on multiplexed waveguide holograms

Proc. SPIE. 2153, Optoelectronic Interconnects II

KEYWORDS: Diffraction, Holograms, Modulation, Waveguides, Photography, Multiplexing, Optoelectronics, Helium neon lasers, Optical interconnects, Diffraction gratings

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | May 2, 1994

Planar formation of 3D highly parallel optical fan-out interconnects for wafer scale optical clock signal distribution

Proc. SPIE. 2153, Optoelectronic Interconnects II

KEYWORDS: Wafer-level optics, Optical design, Holograms, Clocks, Glasses, Very large scale integration, Optical clocks, Optical alignment, Semiconducting wafers, Optical arrays

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | May 2, 1994

Rare-earth-ions-doped graded-index single-mode polymer waveguide amplifier

Proc. SPIE. 2149, Technologies for Optical Fiber Communications

KEYWORDS: Optical amplifiers, Waveguides, Organic light emitting diodes, Polymers, Glasses, Ions, Amplifiers, Single mode fibers, Laser crystals, Polymer multimode waveguides

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Recently, intense research on single-mode rare-earth doped fiber lasers and amplifiers[fl has led to the development of a range of active devices. The possibility of ion-doping of standard integrated-optic waveguides has recently allowed the demonstration of Nd- and Er-doped single-mode channel waveguide lasers in single crystal Ti:LiNbO3 waveguides[12] and various glass waveguides[35]. However, there are a number of intrinsic limitations associated with these material systems. First, glass waveguides have no electrooptic(EO) effect therefore, an active device cannot be made using these substrates. Second, LiNbO3 waveguides have significant walk-off between the refractive indices of microwave and optical waves. Consequently, the modulation speed of the EO modulator, which serves as the input signal generator for the waveguide amplifier, is limited to 4O GHz[6]. Third, the waveguide fabrication methods for LiNbO3 and glass substrates are not universal. They are not transferable to other substrates. For instance, Si and GaAs are the most frequently used substrates for optoelectronics. LiNbO3 and glass waveguide lasers cannot be implemented on these substrates as amplifiers without violating the monolithic integration preference. Photo lime gel-based polymer waveguide is an excellent guiding medium due to its wide transmission bandwidth(300nm to 2700nm). The GRIN characteristic of this material[7] allows the formation of high quality(loss <0.1 dB/cm) single-mode passive and active devices on an array of substrate[81. In this paper, we report a graded index(GRIN) polymer waveguide amplifier working at 1 .O6im wavelength using Nd-doped photolime gel as the active medium. Fluorescent spectrums at 1 .32im (Nd3doped) and at 1.56 im (Er3-doped) were also observed and the results are shown in Figs.l and 2, respectively. The polymer introduced is soluble in water. As a result, the chemical compounds containing rare earth ions(REIs) can be mixed with the host polymer as long as they are hydrophilic. But the doping concentrations should be below the level of microscopic clustering[5] which quenches the active ions. There are other quenchers which shorten the lifetime of metastable states of active ions. The most serious quenchers are the admixed 0-H groups whose concentration must be less than 3-5x10'8/cm3 [4] for glass waveguide amplifier. The existence of 0-H groups generates a number of intermediate states between the transition states. Such states, primarily from water molecules, significantly reduce the lifetime of metastable states. The general rule of thumb is that the lifetime of the excited state will be temperature dependent if the gap is less than ten times the effective phonon frequency and completely quenched if less than four times[5I. Experiment results will be presented at the conference.

PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | May 2, 1994

High-speed optical backplane bus with modulation and demodulation capabilities

Proc. SPIE. 2153, Optoelectronic Interconnects II

KEYWORDS: Diffraction, Holograms, Modulation, Sensors, Glasses, Demodulation, Optoelectronics, Terahertz radiation, Integrated optics, Tolerancing

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | May 2, 1994

Design considerations for high packaging density optical bus array

Proc. SPIE. 2153, Optoelectronic Interconnects II

KEYWORDS: Packaging, Channel waveguides, Modulation, Waveguides, Polymers, Computer simulations, Optoelectronics, Optical interconnects, Optical arrays, Channel projecting optics

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SPIE Journal Paper | May 1, 1994

Packing density and interconnection length of a highly parallel optical interconnect using polymer-based, single-mode bus arrays

Tang, Suning , Chen, Ray , Peskin, Mark

OE Vol. 33 Issue 05

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Channel waveguides, Light sources, Polymers, Signal to noise ratio, Optical interconnects, Channel projecting optics, Polymer multimode waveguides, Wave propagation, Cladding

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | January 20, 1994

Polymer-based chirped grating lens working at visible wavelengths on a GaAs substrate

Proc. SPIE. 2042, Photopolymers and Applications in Holography, Optical Data Storage, Optical Sensors, and Interconnects

KEYWORDS: GRIN lenses, Diffraction, Holography, Waveguides, Scattering, Polymers, Gallium arsenide, Tissue optics, Polymer multimode waveguides, Diffraction gratings

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | January 20, 1994

Nd3+-doped graded index single-mode polymer waveguide amplifier working at 1.06 and 1.32 um

Proc. SPIE. 2042, Photopolymers and Applications in Holography, Optical Data Storage, Optical Sensors, and Interconnects

KEYWORDS: GRIN lenses, Optical amplifiers, Waveguides, Polymers, Glasses, Ions, Amplifiers, Single mode fibers, Laser crystals, Polymer multimode waveguides

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | January 20, 1994

System limitations due to channel cross-coupling in a highly parallel polymer-based single-mode channel waveguide array

Proc. SPIE. 2042, Photopolymers and Applications in Holography, Optical Data Storage, Optical Sensors, and Interconnects

KEYWORDS: Packaging, Refractive index, Light sources, Channel waveguides, Waveguides, Cladding, Polymers, Optical interconnects, Channel projecting optics, Polymer multimode waveguides

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | July 1, 1993

Compression-molded polymer-based optical bus

Proc. SPIE. 1849, Optoelectronic Interconnects

KEYWORDS: Thin films, Waveguides, Polymers, Optoelectronics, Optical interconnects, Polymer thin films, Electro optic polymers, Near field optics, Channel projecting optics, Polymer multimode waveguides

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