Dr. Suning Tang Profile

Dr. Suning Tang

President at Crystal Research Inc

SPIE Involvement:

Conference Program Committee | Conference Chair | Track Chair | Author

Publications (90)

PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | March 3, 2015

Wavelength-tunable laser based on electro-optic effect

Proc. SPIE. 9343, Laser Resonators, Microresonators, and Beam Control XVII

KEYWORDS: Wavelength tuning, Crystals, Electro optics, Laser crystals, Electrons, Tunable lasers, Scanners, Temperature metrology, Optical amplifiers, Prisms

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | February 28, 2009

Comparative studies of Nd:YxGd1-xVO4 laser with direct and indirect pumping

Proc. SPIE. 7193, Solid State Lasers XVIII: Technology and Devices

KEYWORDS: Crystals, Laser crystals, Semiconductor lasers, Laser resonators, Yttrium, Crystallography, Absorption, Diodes, Resonators, Gadolinium

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SPIE Journal Paper | December 1, 2008

Laser performance study of mixed vanadate crystals Nd:Y_xGd_1-xVO₄ with direct and indirect pumping

Fernelius, Nils , Tang, Yuanji , Hartwick, Thomas , Tang, Suning

OE Vol. 47 Issue 12

KEYWORDS: Crystals, Laser crystals, Gadolinium, Semiconductor lasers, Transmission electron microscopy, Crystallography, Laser resonators, Yttrium, Neodymium, Absorption

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | November 18, 2008

Highly efficient diode pumped solid state lasers using mixed vanadate crystals Nd:YxGd1-xVO4 for laser communications

Proc. SPIE. 7135, Optoelectronic Materials and Devices III

KEYWORDS: Crystals, Laser crystals, Semiconductor lasers, Crystallography, Yttrium, Absorption, Diodes, Resonators, Gadolinium, Laser resonators

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | November 18, 2008

KTN-based electro-optic beam scanner

Proc. SPIE. 7135, Optoelectronic Materials and Devices III

KEYWORDS: Crystals, Laser crystals, Temperature metrology, Scanners, Electro optics, Potassium, Mirrors, Dielectrics, Laser scanners, Tantalum

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | August 27, 2008

Liquid crystal based electro-optic Bragg gratings for laser beam attenuations

Proc. SPIE. 7050, Liquid Crystals XII

KEYWORDS: Electro optics, Liquid crystals, Fiber Bragg gratings, Signal attenuation, Diffraction gratings, Diffraction, Attenuators, Free space optics, Glasses, Polymers

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | February 5, 2008

High-speed laser beam attenuators based on electro-optic Bragg gratings

Proc. SPIE. 6838, Optoelectronic Devices and Integration II

KEYWORDS: Electro optics, Liquid crystals, Fiber Bragg gratings, Diffraction gratings, Attenuators, Signal attenuation, Diffraction, Free space optics, Glasses, Polymers

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | September 25, 2007

A novel high-speed electro-optic beam scanner based on KTN crystals

Proc. SPIE. 6709, Free-Space Laser Communications VII

KEYWORDS: Crystals, Electro optics, Laser crystals, Temperature metrology, Niobium, Laser scanners, Potassium, Scanners, Mirrors, 3D scanning

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | February 9, 2007

Large aperture laser beam attenuator using electro-optic gratings

Proc. SPIE. 6487, Emerging Liquid Crystal Technologies II

KEYWORDS: Electro optics, Liquid crystals, Diffraction gratings, Fiber Bragg gratings, Diffraction, Attenuators, Signal attenuation, Polymers, Glasses, Refractive index

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | February 28, 2006

Laser properties of mixed Nd:Y_1-xGd_x VO₄ with different crystal compositions

Proc. SPIE. 6100, Solid State Lasers XV: Technology and Devices

KEYWORDS: Crystals, Gadolinium, Laser crystals, Neodymium, Thermal effects, Doping, Laser applications, Ions, Luminescence, Yttrium

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | February 23, 2006

A fast electrically controlled large aperture laser beam attenuator

Proc. SPIE. 6117, Organic Photonic Materials and Devices VIII

KEYWORDS: Liquid crystals, Diffraction gratings, Attenuators, Polymers, Diffraction, Refractive index, Glasses, Electro optics, Photorefractive polymers, Modulation

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SPIE Journal Paper | May 1, 2005

Integrated high-speed digital optical true-time-delay line with embedded electrically switchable gratings

Lu, Xuejun , Tang, Suning , Lin, Jibing , Cologrove, Jennifer , Tang, Yuanji , Wang, X. , Zheng, Lei , Foshee, James

OE Vol. 44 Issue 05

KEYWORDS: Fiber Bragg gratings, Polymers, Waveguides, Liquid crystals, Polymer multimode waveguides, Integrated optics, Picosecond phenomena, Refractive index, Switching, Diffraction

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | April 4, 2005

Thermal and thermo-optical properties of new Nd:Y_xGd_1-xVO₄ crystals

Proc. SPIE. 5723, Optical Components and Materials II

KEYWORDS: Gadolinium, Crystals, Laser crystals, Nd:YAG lasers, Thermal effects, Neodymium, Laser applications, Thermal optics, Refraction, Yttrium

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | March 31, 2005

An integrated 4-bit optical true-time-delay module for synthetic aperture radars

Proc. SPIE. 5728, Integrated Optics: Devices, Materials, and Technologies IX

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Polymers, Liquid crystals, Fiber Bragg gratings, Polymer multimode waveguides, Integrated optics, Synthetic aperture radar, Switching, Phased array optics, Electro optics

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | March 25, 2005

Integrated electrically switchable gratings for optical interconnects

Proc. SPIE. 5729, Optoelectronic Integrated Circuits VII

KEYWORDS: Polymers, Waveguides, Electro optics, Polymer multimode waveguides, Fiber Bragg gratings, Liquid crystals, Electro optic polymers, Optical interconnects, Diffraction gratings, Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | January 17, 2005

Integrated high-speed digital optical true-time-delay module for synthetic aperture radars

Proc. SPIE. 5644, Optoelectronic Devices and Integration

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Polymers, Liquid crystals, Fiber Bragg gratings, Polymer multimode waveguides, Synthetic aperture radar, Integrated optics, Switching, Phased array optics, Electro optics

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | January 17, 2005

On-chip switched optical waveguide interconnect

Proc. SPIE. 5644, Optoelectronic Devices and Integration

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Polymers, Electro optics, Electro optic polymers, Polymer multimode waveguides, Fiber Bragg gratings, Liquid crystals, Diffraction gratings, Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, Optical interconnects

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | June 14, 2004

Switched optical polymeric waveguide true-time-delay lines for wideband photonics phased array antennas

Proc. SPIE. 5356, Optoelectronic Integrated Circuits VI

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Polymers, Liquid crystals, Phased array optics, Antennas, Polymer multimode waveguides, Fiber Bragg gratings, Phased arrays, Electro optics, Switching

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | July 9, 2003

Photonic polymers and their optoelectronic applications

Proc. SPIE. 4998, Photonic Integrated Systems

KEYWORDS: Polymers, Waveguides, Holograms, Liquid crystals, Photonic crystals, Polymer multimode waveguides, Optoelectronics, Integrated optics, Holography, Phased array optics

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | August 30, 2002

Holographically formed photonic polymers and their optoelectronic applications

Proc. SPIE. 4924, Holography, Diffractive Optics, and Applications

KEYWORDS: Polymers, Waveguides, Holograms, Holography, Phased array optics, Liquid crystals, Photonic crystals, Polymer multimode waveguides, Optoelectronics, Photonic integrated circuits

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SPIE Conference Volume | October 11, 2001

Fiber Optic Components, Subsystems, and Systems for Telecommunications

SPIE Journal Paper | July 1, 2001

Photonics for time delay in communication systems

Shi, Zan , Yang, Jianyi , Foshee, James , Hartman, Walter , Tang, Suning , Chen, Ray

OE Vol. 40 Issue 07

SPIE Journal Paper | July 1, 2001

Photonic radio frequency mixer using metal-semiconductor-metal photodetectors

Li, Bing , Lin, Lei , Tang, Suning , Liu, Yujie , Chen, Ray

OE Vol. 40 Issue 07

SPIE Journal Paper | July 1, 2001

Polymeric waveguide prism-based electro-optic beam deflector

Sun, Lin , Kim, Jin-ha , Jang, Chiou-Hung , An, Dechang , Lu, Xuejun , Zhou, Qingjun , Taboada, John , Chen, Ray , Maki, Jeffery , Tang, Suning , Zhang, Hua , Steier, William , Zhang, Cheng , Dalton, Larry

OE Vol. 40 Issue 07

SPIE Journal Paper | July 1, 2001

Active and Passive Components for Optical Networks

Li, Yao , Tang, Suning

OE Vol. 40 Issue 07

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | June 15, 2001

Polymetric waveguide beam deflector for electro-optic switching

Proc. SPIE. 4279, Organic Photonic Materials and Devices III

KEYWORDS: Polymers, Waveguides, Electrodes, Refractive index, Modulation, Switching, Polymer multimode waveguides, Prisms, Electro optics, Photorefractive polymers

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | May 30, 2001

Photonics for time delay in communication systems

Proc. SPIE. 4292, Optoelectronic Interconnects VIII

KEYWORDS: Telecommunications, Satellites, Antennas, Waveguides, Satellite communications, Photonics, Phased array optics, Optical design, Modulation, Signal processing

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | May 30, 2001

Thin film polymeric waveguide beam deflector based on thermo-optic effect

Proc. SPIE. 4292, Optoelectronic Interconnects VIII

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Electrodes, Prisms, Polymers, Polymer thin films, Thermal optics, Cladding, Polymer multimode waveguides, Thin films, Planar waveguides

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SPIE Conference Volume | May 30, 2001

Optoelectronic Interconnects VIII

PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | December 15, 2000

Photonic phased-array antenna system based on detector-switched optical Blass matrix true-time-delay steering and heterodyne rf generation

Proc. SPIE. 4087, Applications of Photonic Technology 4

KEYWORDS: Antennas, Phased array optics, Photodetectors, Heterodyning, Photonics systems, Switching, Signal generators, Sensors, Diffraction gratings, Channel projecting optics

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | October 9, 2000

Polymeric waveguide circuits for true time delay (TTD) in phased array antennas

Proc. SPIE. 4225, Optical Interconnects for Telecommunication and Data Communications

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Polymers, Polymer multimode waveguides, Antennas, Phased array optics, Phased arrays, Photodetectors, Microwave radiation, Sensors, Wave propagation

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SPIE Conference Volume | October 9, 2000

Optical Interconnects for Telecommunication and Data Communications

PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | April 27, 2000

Switching characteristic of wideband MSM and PIN photodetectors for photonic phased-array antennas

Proc. SPIE. 3952, Optoelectronic Interconnects VII; Photonics Packaging and Integration II

KEYWORDS: Photodetectors, Switching, PIN photodiodes, Switches, Antennas, Phased array optics, Sensors, Waveguides, Signal detection, Phased arrays

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SPIE Conference Volume | April 27, 2000

Optoelectronic Interconnects VII; Photonics Packaging and Integration II

PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | April 27, 2000

Fabrication and testing of polyimide thermo-optic switches

Proc. SPIE. 3952, Optoelectronic Interconnects VII; Photonics Packaging and Integration II

KEYWORDS: Switches, Electrodes, Thermal optics, Semiconducting wafers, Polymers, Optical fabrication, Waveguides, Objectives, Fabrication, Silicon

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | April 27, 2000

Novel guided-wave thermo-optic beam deflector

Proc. SPIE. 3952, Optoelectronic Interconnects VII; Photonics Packaging and Integration II

KEYWORDS: Polymers, Prisms, Thermal optics, Silica, Polymer multimode waveguides, Temperature metrology, Waveguides, Planar waveguides, Beam propagation method, Photorefractive polymers

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | April 27, 2000

Optical true-time-delay lines using polyimide-based waveguides for wideband phased-array antennas

Proc. SPIE. 3952, Optoelectronic Interconnects VII; Photonics Packaging and Integration II

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Antennas, Polymers, Semiconducting wafers, Phased array optics, Phased arrays, Cladding, Coating, Beam steering, Photomasks

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | April 27, 2000

MT-compatible polymeric waveguide couplers for optoelectronic packaging

Proc. SPIE. 3952, Optoelectronic Interconnects VII; Photonics Packaging and Integration II

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Polymers, Polymer multimode waveguides, Connectors, Thin films, Optoelectronic devices, Channel waveguides, Optoelectronic packaging, Optical fabrication, Wave propagation

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | April 21, 2000

High-speed electro-optic switches for WDM applications

Proc. SPIE. 3949, WDM and Photonic Switching Devices for Network Applications

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Holograms, Electro optics, Multiplexing, Polymers, Planar waveguides, Prisms, Holography, Polymer multimode waveguides, Electro optic polymers

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | April 19, 2000

1x2 Y-fed directional coupler modulator based on electro-optic polymer

Proc. SPIE. 3950, Optoelectronic Integrated Circuits IV

KEYWORDS: Modulators, Polymers, Waveguides, Electro optic polymers, Modulation, Directional couplers, Electrodes, Switching, Polymer multimode waveguides, Polyurethane

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | April 19, 2000

Substrate-guided wave optical true-time-delay feeding network for phased-array antenna steering

Proc. SPIE. 3950, Optoelectronic Integrated Circuits IV

KEYWORDS: Antennas, Phased array optics, Photodetectors, Heterodyning, Photonics systems, Switches, RF photonics, Diffraction gratings, Diffraction, Optical networks

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | April 19, 2000

Beam deflection with electro-optic polymeric waveguide prism array

Proc. SPIE. 3950, Optoelectronic Integrated Circuits IV

KEYWORDS: Electro optics, Prisms, Polymers, Electro optic polymers, Waveguides, Beam propagation method, Electrodes, Wave propagation, Planar waveguides, Polymer multimode waveguides

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SPIE Journal Paper | March 1, 2000

Ultra-low-loss polymeric waveguide circuits for optical true-time delays in wideband phased-array antennas

Tang, Suning , Li, Bulang , Jiang, Nianhua , An, Dechang , Fu, Zhenhai , Wu, Linghui , Chen, Ray

OE Vol. 39 Issue 03

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Polymers, Polymer multimode waveguides, Phased array optics, Antennas, Photodetectors, Neodymium, Optical circuits, Channel waveguides, Wave propagation

SPIE Journal Paper | March 1, 2000

Highly efficient linear waveguide modulator based on domain-inverted electro-optic polymers

Tang, Suning , Shi, Zan , An, Dechang , Sun, Lin , Chen, Ray

OE Vol. 39 Issue 03

KEYWORDS: Modulators, Modulation, Waveguides, Polymers, Electrodes, Directional couplers, Intermodulation, Switching, Electro optic polymers, Analog electronics

PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | October 5, 1999

Multifunctional photonic devices based on polymeric materials

Proc. SPIE. 3799, Organic Photorefractives, Photoreceptors, Waveguides, and Fibers

KEYWORDS: Polymers, Ions, Modulators, Modulation, Waveguides, Electro optics, Optical amplifiers, Electrodes, Neodymium, Switching

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | April 13, 1999

Packaging of tapered waveguides with MT connectors to cost effectively facilitate connection of single-mode and multimode optical networks

Proc. SPIE. 3632, Optoelectronic Interconnects VI

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Networks, Connectors, Optical fibers, Optical networks, Packaging, Data communications, Short haul, Interfaces, Polymers

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | April 13, 1999

Optical clock distribution in supercomputers using polyimide-based waveguides

Proc. SPIE. 3632, Optoelectronic Interconnects VI

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Clocks, Optoelectronics, Reactive ion etching, Optical clocks, Polymers, Polymer multimode waveguides, Channel waveguides, Signal attenuation, Wave propagation

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | April 13, 1999

High-speed traveling-wave electrodes for polymeric electro-optic modulators

Proc. SPIE. 3632, Optoelectronic Interconnects VI

KEYWORDS: Electrodes, Photoresist materials, Gold, Plating, Electroplating, Polymers, Microwave radiation, Metals, Chromium, Electro optic polymers

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | April 13, 1999

Si CMOS process-compatible guided-wave optical interconnects

Proc. SPIE. 3632, Optoelectronic Interconnects VI

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Clocks, Optical interconnects, Silicon, Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, Optical clocks, Optoelectronics, Polymers, Aluminum, Signal processing

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | April 13, 1999

High-throughput optoelectronic interconnect for holographic memory devices

Proc. SPIE. 3632, Optoelectronic Interconnects VI

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Holography, Interfaces, Wavelength division multiplexing, Optical storage, Polymers, Optoelectronics, Holograms, Polymer multimode waveguides, Charge-coupled devices

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | April 13, 1999

Laser beam deflector based on a domain-inverted electro-optic polymeric waveguide prism array

Proc. SPIE. 3632, Optoelectronic Interconnects VI

KEYWORDS: Polymers, Electrodes, Prisms, Electro optics, Electro optic polymers, Waveguides, Polymer multimode waveguides, Planar waveguides, Refraction, Thin films

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SPIE Conference Volume | April 13, 1999

Optoelectronic Interconnects VI

PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | April 13, 1999

Linearized Y-coupler modulator based on a domain-inverted polymeric waveguide

Proc. SPIE. 3632, Optoelectronic Interconnects VI

KEYWORDS: Modulators, Polymers, Waveguides, Modulation, Electrodes, Cladding, Polymer multimode waveguides, Electro optic polymers, Polymer thin films, Distortion

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | April 13, 1999

Polymer-based optical waveguide circuits for photonic phased-array antennas

Proc. SPIE. 3632, Optoelectronic Interconnects VI

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Phased array optics, Antennas, Polymer multimode waveguides, Polymers, Phased arrays, Photodetectors, Microwave radiation, Diffraction gratings, Channel projecting optics

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | April 13, 1999

Thermo-optically tuned cascaded polymer waveguide taps

Proc. SPIE. 3632, Optoelectronic Interconnects VI

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Electrodes, Thermal optics, Polymers, Fabrication, Polymer multimode waveguides, Channel waveguides, Cladding, Semiconducting wafers, Polymethylmethacrylate

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | September 25, 1998

Polyimide-based guided-wave multigigabit per second optical clock signal distribution system for Cray T-90 supercomputer

Proc. SPIE. 3417, Photopolymer Device Physics, Chemistry, and Applications IV

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | August 12, 1998

Board-level optical clock signal distribution using Si CMOS-compatible polyimide-based 1- to 48-fanout H-tree

Proc. SPIE. 3551, Integrated Optoelectronics II

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Clocks, Optoelectronics, Silicon, Polymers, Signal attenuation, Polymer multimode waveguides, Optical clocks, Channel waveguides, Wave propagation

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | May 5, 1998

Reconfigurable electro-optic interconnects using holographic elements

Proc. SPIE. 3288, Optoelectronic Interconnects V

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Holograms, Electro optics, Polymers, Multiplexing, Prisms, Electro optic polymers, Polymer multimode waveguides, Holography, Planar waveguides

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | May 5, 1998

Linear electro-optic modulator based on an array of Mach-Zehnder interferometers

Proc. SPIE. 3288, Optoelectronic Interconnects V

KEYWORDS: Modulators, Mach-Zehnder interferometers, Modulation, Directional couplers, Electrooptic modulators, Electro optic polymers, Intermodulation, Interferometers, Distortion, Electrodes

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | May 5, 1998

Efficient waveguide couplers using tilted gratings for optoelectronic interconnects

Proc. SPIE. 3288, Optoelectronic Interconnects V

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Diffraction gratings, Teeth, Diffraction, Optoelectronics, Polymers, Silicon, Aluminum, Polymer multimode waveguides, Optical design

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | May 5, 1998

Fabrication of three-dimensional tapered polymeric waveguides using the compression-molding technique

Proc. SPIE. 3288, Optoelectronic Interconnects V

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Polymers, Polymer multimode waveguides, Fabrication, Optoelectronic devices, Polymer thin films, Helium neon lasers, Bridges, Molecular bridges, Tolerancing

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | May 5, 1998

Guest-host-system polymer with high electro-optic coefficients

Proc. SPIE. 3288, Optoelectronic Interconnects V

KEYWORDS: Polymers, Polymer thin films, Electro optic polymers, Chromophores, Electro optics, Crystals, Dielectric breakdown, Molecules, Glasses, Electrodes

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | April 17, 1998

Domain-inverted electro-optic polymeric waveguide beam deflector

Proc. SPIE. 3281, Polymer Photonic Devices

KEYWORDS: Prisms, Polymers, Electrodes, Electro optics, Electro optic polymers, Planar waveguides, Polymer multimode waveguides, Waveguides, Crystals, Cladding

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | February 1, 1998

Two-dimensional wavelength division demultiplexer with surface-normal configuration

Proc. SPIE. 3234, Design and Manufacturing of WDM Devices

KEYWORDS: Demultiplexers, Holography, Optical interconnects

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | August 18, 1997

Compression-molded three-dimensional tapered polymeric waveguides for low-loss optoelectronic packaging

Proc. SPIE. 3184, Microelectronic Packaging and Laser Processing

KEYWORDS: Polymer multimode waveguides, Polymers, Waveguides, Optoelectronic packaging, Channel waveguides, Fabrication, Bridges, Molecular bridges, Optoelectronic devices, Light wave propagation

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | July 29, 1997

Polyimide-based waveguides for guided-wave multi-Gbit/sec MCM optoelectronic interconnects

Proc. SPIE. 10290, Sol-Gel and Polymer Photonic Devices: A Critical Review

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Optoelectronics, Signal processing, Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, Optical clocks, Signal attenuation, Computing systems, Signal detection, Sensors, Silicon

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We present the fabrication of polyimide-based H-tree waveguides for a multi-GBit/sec optical clock signal distribution in a Si CMOS process compatible environment. Such a clock distribution system is to replace the existing electronic counterpart associated with high-performance computers. A waveguide propagation loss of 0.21 dB/cm at 850 nm was experimentally confirmed for the l-to-48 waveguide fanout device, l-to-2 splitting loss and bending loss were measured to be 0.25 dB and higher. The planarization requirement of the optical interconnection layer among many electrical interconnection layers makes the employment of tilted grating a choice of desire. Theoretical calculation predicts the 1-to-l free-space to waveguide coupling with an efficiency as high as 95%. Currently, a coupling efficiency of 35% was experimentally confirmed due to the limited index difference between guiding and cladding layers. Further experiments aimed at structuring a larger guiding/cladding layer index differences are under investigation. To effectively couple an optical signal into the waveguide through the tided grating coupler, the accuracy of the wavelength employed is pivotal. This makes the usage of the vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) and VCSEL arrays the best choice when compared with edge-emitting lasers. Modulation bandwidth as high as 6 GBit/sec was demonstrated at 850 nm. Such a wavelength is compatible with Si-based photodetectors. Temperature dependence of the threshold current up to 155 °C was measured which will determine the power dissipation issue of the optoelectronic packaging. Finally, the first fully monolithic Si-MOSFET integrated receiver was made as the optical clock signal detector. To further enhance the bandwidth of such a detector, a resonant cavity structure with Si/Si02 as the bottom mirror was employed. The measured demodulation bandwidth is over 10 GHz. A fully integrated guided-wave optical clock signal distribution system having planarized grating couplers, H-tree Si- CMOS process compatible waveguides, VCSELs and Si-based photo-receivers will be demonstrated in the near future.

PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | June 6, 1997

Fabrication of LD-3 polymer directional couplers

Proc. SPIE. 2994, Physics and Simulation of Optoelectronic Devices V

KEYWORDS: Directional couplers, Polymers, Channel waveguides, Nonlinear optics, Photomasks, Waveguides, Silicon, Semiconducting wafers, Cladding, Electrodes

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | April 4, 1997

Polymer waveguide-based high-speed clock signal distribution system

Proc. SPIE. 3005, Optoelectronic Interconnects and Packaging IV

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Clocks, Polymers, Polymer multimode waveguides, Channel waveguides, Optoelectronics, Optical clocks, Multiphoton lithography, Channel projecting optics, Adaptive optics

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | April 4, 1997

Unidirectional surface-normal waveguide grating couplers for wafer-scale MCM interconnect

Proc. SPIE. 3005, Optoelectronic Interconnects and Packaging IV

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Optoelectronics, Silicon, Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, Aluminum, Polymers, Photodetectors, Optical interconnects, Polymer multimode waveguides, Photoresist materials

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | April 4, 1997

Design of an electro-optic directional coupler with four sections poled in four perpendicular directions

Proc. SPIE. 3005, Optoelectronic Interconnects and Packaging IV

KEYWORDS: Directional couplers, Switches, Tolerancing, Polarization, Waveguides, Electro optics, Electrodes, Electro optical design, Switching, Light wave propagation

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | April 4, 1997

Compression-molded three-dimensional tapered optical polymeric waveguides for optoelectronic packaging

Proc. SPIE. 3005, Optoelectronic Interconnects and Packaging IV

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Polymers, Polymer multimode waveguides, Optoelectronic devices, Fabrication, Wave propagation, Channel waveguides, Polymer thin films, Bridges, Molecular bridges

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | January 22, 1997

Inverse poling techniques in crosslinkable polymer electro-optic materials

Proc. SPIE. 3006, Optoelectronic Integrated Circuits

KEYWORDS: Polymers, Electrodes, Liquids, Polymer thin films, Nonlinear optics, Electro optic polymers, Electro optics, Chromophores, Crystals, Epoxies

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | September 30, 1996

Board-level optical clock signal distribution based on guided-wave optical interconnects in conjunction with waveguide holograms

Proc. SPIE. 2891, Integrated Optoelectronics

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Channel waveguides, Optical clocks, Channel projecting optics, Optoelectronics, Adaptive optics, Clocks, Holograms, Polymer multimode waveguides, Polymers

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | September 13, 1996

Grating-based surface-normal optoelectronic interconnects on Si substrate

Proc. SPIE. 2877, Optical Characterization Techniques for High-Performance Microelectronic Device Manufacturing III

KEYWORDS: Diffraction gratings, Waveguides, Silicon, Reactive ion etching, Optical clocks, Clocks, Etching, Diffraction, Aluminum, Photoresist materials

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | September 13, 1996

Polymer waveguide-based 1-GHz clock signal distribution system

Proc. SPIE. 2877, Optical Characterization Techniques for High-Performance Microelectronic Device Manufacturing III

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Channel waveguides, Clocks, Holography, Polymers, Optical clocks, Polymer multimode waveguides, Optoelectronics, Channel projecting optics, Adaptive optics

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | April 5, 1995

Compact surface-normal coupled optical interconnects with wavelength-division-demultiplexing capability

Proc. SPIE. 2400, Optoelectronic Interconnects III

KEYWORDS: Holograms, Waveguides, Planar waveguides, Photodetectors, Multiplexing, Packaging, Polymers, Holography, Optical design, Polymer multimode waveguides

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | April 5, 1995

Novel Si-substrate-mode-based wafer scale optical clock distribution architecture

Proc. SPIE. 2400, Optoelectronic Interconnects III

KEYWORDS: Silicon, Semiconducting wafers, Etching, Diffraction gratings, Optical clocks, Diffraction, Waveguides, Surface finishing, Clocks, Reactive ion etching

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | April 5, 1995

Three-dimensional guided-free-space multistage optoelectronic fanout interconnection using wavelength division multiplexing and space division multiplexing

Proc. SPIE. 2400, Optoelectronic Interconnects III

KEYWORDS: Holograms, Optoelectronics, Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, Semiconductor lasers, Optical interconnects, Tolerancing, Optical design, Waveguides, Diffraction, Photography

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An integrated 3-D guided-free-space 4-stage optoelectronic fan-out (6 X 6, 2 X 6, 6 X 6 and 2 X 6) interconnect using WDDM is proposed and demonstrated together with 2 X 4 X 5 3-D optoelectronic fan-out using SDDM. This channel separation is one order of magnitude smaller than that using wavelength-selective detecting technique in WDDM. Signal to noise ratio of 57 dB is experimentally determined, with two channel 40 (2 X 4 X 5) fan-outs having a channel separation of 600 micrometers in SDDM. The interconnection scheme presented herein allows each pixel within a transmitting plane to communicate simultaneously and reconfigurably with many pixels in the subsequent planes in a truly three-dimensional feature. This system can utilize vertical cavity surface emitting laser diodes, photo detecting planes and planarized guided-free-space fan-out interconnects, allowing compact multi-stage integration. By using two-dimensional spatially separated or multiplexed hologram arrays on a thin light guiding plate, the interconnection capability is greatly enhanced as compared to other techniques. This novel optoelectronic interconnect should find widespread applications in microelectronics systems and fiber-optic communication networks. In this paper, we report the demonstration of a new solution that employs guided-free-space optical parallel fan-out interconnects. It takes advantage of such exclusive characteristics of optical interconnects as high packing density, massive single- wavelength fan-out and wavelength multiplexibility. Unlike the previously reported research, the interconnection scheme presented herein allows each pixel in a transmitting plane to communicate simultaneously and reconfigurably with many pixels in the subsequent planes with a truly three-dimensional (3-D) feature. Moreover, WD(D)M configuration can be maintained while extending into space-division-demultiplexing (SDDM) based on the fact that each VCSEL is spatially separated in the transmitting plane. As a result, each channel does not need to have many laser diodes operating at different wavelengths in order to facilitate the spontaneous communications with many pixels in the detecting planes. This new approach significantly reduces the fabrication requirements imposed on the laser diodes (with multiple output wavelengths) and on the photodetectors (with wavelength-selectivity). A one-to-one 2-D interconnect scheme is extended into a one-to-many 3-D one.

PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | April 5, 1995

Integrated wavelength tunable filters based on resonant Mach-Zender interferometer

Proc. SPIE. 2400, Optoelectronic Interconnects III

KEYWORDS: Tunable filters, Optical filters, Interferometers, Phase shifts, Waveguides, Thermal optics, Transmittance, Mach-Zehnder interferometers, Polymers, Polymer multimode waveguides

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | May 2, 1994

Design limitations of highly parallel free-space optical interconnects based on arrays of vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser diodes, microlenses, and photodetectors

Proc. SPIE. 2153, Optoelectronic Interconnects II

KEYWORDS: Photodetectors, Microlens array, Microlens, Sensors, Optical interconnects, Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, Optoelectronics, Optical instrument design, Optical networks, Transmittance

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | May 2, 1994

Multiple diffraction of massive fanout optical interconnects based on multiplexed waveguide holograms

Proc. SPIE. 2153, Optoelectronic Interconnects II

KEYWORDS: Holograms, Optical interconnects, Waveguides, Multiplexing, Diffraction, Optoelectronics, Diffraction gratings, Modulation, Helium neon lasers, Photography

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | May 2, 1994

Planar formation of 3D highly parallel optical fan-out interconnects for wafer scale optical clock signal distribution

Proc. SPIE. 2153, Optoelectronic Interconnects II

KEYWORDS: Holograms, Wafer-level optics, Glasses, Semiconducting wafers, Clocks, Optical design, Optical clocks, Very large scale integration, Optical arrays, Optical alignment

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | May 2, 1994

Rare-earth-ions-doped graded-index single-mode polymer waveguide amplifier

Proc. SPIE. 2149, Technologies for Optical Fiber Communications

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Polymers, Polymer multimode waveguides, Optical amplifiers, Glasses, Single mode fibers, Amplifiers, Laser crystals, Ions, Organic light emitting diodes

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Recently, intense research on single-mode rare-earth doped fiber lasers and amplifiers[fl has led to the development of a range of active devices. The possibility of ion-doping of standard integrated-optic waveguides has recently allowed the demonstration of Nd- and Er-doped single-mode channel waveguide lasers in single crystal Ti:LiNbO3 waveguides[12] and various glass waveguides[35]. However, there are a number of intrinsic limitations associated with these material systems. First, glass waveguides have no electrooptic(EO) effect therefore, an active device cannot be made using these substrates. Second, LiNbO3 waveguides have significant walk-off between the refractive indices of microwave and optical waves. Consequently, the modulation speed of the EO modulator, which serves as the input signal generator for the waveguide amplifier, is limited to 4O GHz[6]. Third, the waveguide fabrication methods for LiNbO3 and glass substrates are not universal. They are not transferable to other substrates. For instance, Si and GaAs are the most frequently used substrates for optoelectronics. LiNbO3 and glass waveguide lasers cannot be implemented on these substrates as amplifiers without violating the monolithic integration preference. Photo lime gel-based polymer waveguide is an excellent guiding medium due to its wide transmission bandwidth(300nm to 2700nm). The GRIN characteristic of this material[7] allows the formation of high quality(loss <0.1 dB/cm) single-mode passive and active devices on an array of substrate[81. In this paper, we report a graded index(GRIN) polymer waveguide amplifier working at 1 .O6im wavelength using Nd-doped photolime gel as the active medium. Fluorescent spectrums at 1 .32im (Nd3doped) and at 1.56 im (Er3-doped) were also observed and the results are shown in Figs.l and 2, respectively. The polymer introduced is soluble in water. As a result, the chemical compounds containing rare earth ions(REIs) can be mixed with the host polymer as long as they are hydrophilic. But the doping concentrations should be below the level of microscopic clustering[5] which quenches the active ions. There are other quenchers which shorten the lifetime of metastable states of active ions. The most serious quenchers are the admixed 0-H groups whose concentration must be less than 3-5x10'8/cm3 [4] for glass waveguide amplifier. The existence of 0-H groups generates a number of intermediate states between the transition states. Such states, primarily from water molecules, significantly reduce the lifetime of metastable states. The general rule of thumb is that the lifetime of the excited state will be temperature dependent if the gap is less than ten times the effective phonon frequency and completely quenched if less than four times[5I. Experiment results will be presented at the conference.

PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | May 2, 1994

High-speed optical backplane bus with modulation and demodulation capabilities

Proc. SPIE. 2153, Optoelectronic Interconnects II

KEYWORDS: Modulation, Sensors, Holograms, Tolerancing, Integrated optics, Glasses, Optoelectronics, Diffraction, Demodulation, Terahertz radiation

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | May 2, 1994

Design considerations for high packaging density optical bus array

Proc. SPIE. 2153, Optoelectronic Interconnects II

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Channel waveguides, Optical arrays, Polymers, Optoelectronics, Optical interconnects, Channel projecting optics, Modulation, Packaging, Computer simulations

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SPIE Journal Paper | May 1, 1994

Packing density and interconnection length of a highly parallel optical interconnect using polymer-based, single-mode bus arrays

Tang, Suning , Chen, Ray , Peskin, Mark

OE Vol. 33 Issue 05

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Channel waveguides, Light sources, Polymers, Signal to noise ratio, Optical interconnects, Channel projecting optics, Polymer multimode waveguides, Wave propagation, Cladding

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | January 20, 1994

Polymer-based chirped grating lens working at visible wavelengths on a GaAs substrate

Proc. SPIE. 2042, Photopolymers and Applications in Holography, Optical Data Storage, Optical Sensors, and Interconnects

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Polymers, Gallium arsenide, Diffraction gratings, Polymer multimode waveguides, GRIN lenses, Tissue optics, Holography, Scattering, Diffraction

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | January 20, 1994

Nd3+-doped graded index single-mode polymer waveguide amplifier working at 1.06 and 1.32 um

Proc. SPIE. 2042, Photopolymers and Applications in Holography, Optical Data Storage, Optical Sensors, and Interconnects

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Polymers, Polymer multimode waveguides, Optical amplifiers, Glasses, Ions, Single mode fibers, Amplifiers, Laser crystals, GRIN lenses

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | January 20, 1994

System limitations due to channel cross-coupling in a highly parallel polymer-based single-mode channel waveguide array

Proc. SPIE. 2042, Photopolymers and Applications in Holography, Optical Data Storage, Optical Sensors, and Interconnects

KEYWORDS: Channel waveguides, Waveguides, Light sources, Packaging, Polymers, Optical interconnects, Polymer multimode waveguides, Channel projecting optics, Refractive index, Cladding

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | July 1, 1993

Compression-molded polymer-based optical bus

Proc. SPIE. 1849, Optoelectronic Interconnects

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Polymers, Near field optics, Channel projecting optics, Polymer multimode waveguides, Thin films, Polymer thin films, Electro optic polymers, Optoelectronics, Optical interconnects

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