Future high energy astrophysics missions will require high performance novel X-ray optics to explore the Universe beyond the limits of the currently operating Chandra and Newton observatories. Innovative optics technologies are therefore being developed and matured by the European Space Agency (ESA) in collaboration with research institutions and industry, enabling leading-edge future science missions.

Silicon Pore Optics (SPO) [1 to 21] and Slumped Glass Optics (SGO) [22 to 29] are lightweight high performance X-ray optics technologies being developed in Europe, driven by applications in observatory class high energy astrophysics missions, aiming at angular resolutions of 5” and providing effective areas of one or more square meters at a few keV.

This paper reports on the development activities led by ESA, and the status of the SPO and SGO technologies, including progress on high performance multilayer reflective coatings [30 to 35]. In addition, the progress with the X-ray test facilities and associated beam-lines is discussed [36].

Silicon Pore Optics is an enabling technology for future L- and M-class astrophysics X-ray missions, which require high angular resolution (~5 arc seconds) and large effective area (1 to 2 m² at a few keV). The technology exploits the high-quality of super-polished 300 mm silicon wafers and the associated industrial mass production processes, which are readily available in the semiconductor industry. The plan-parallel wafers have a surface roughness better than 0.1 nm rms and are diced, structured, wedged, coated, bent and stacked to form modular Silicon Pore Optics, which can be grouped into a larger optic. The modules are assembled from silicon alone, with all the mechanical advantages, and form an intrinsically stiff pore structure.

The optics design was initially based on long (25 to 50 m) focal length X-ray telescopes, which could achieve several arc second angular resolution by curving the silicon mirror in only one direction (conical approximation).

Recently shorter focal length missions (10 to 20 m) have been discussed, for which we started to develop Silicon Pore Optics having a secondary curvature in the mirror, allowing the production of Wolter-I type optics, which are on axis aberration-free.

In this paper we will present the new manufacturing process, the results achieved and the lessons learned.

The development and calibration of eROSITA mirror modules is supported by continuous measurements at the X-ray test facility PANTER. To obtain comparable measurement results after each new integration robust alignment procedures are needed to place the mirror module on the optical axis.

Here we present the different methods that we use to align eROSITA like mirror modules. One method uses the symmetry of single reflection images, another one is based on a symmetry of the intensity distribution, and the last one on the symmetry of the half energy width (HEW).

An open question in the measurement of X-ray optics for telescopes in space is what the point spread function (PSF) looks like in orbit and what is the focal length for an infinite source distance. In order to measure such a PSF, a parallel X-ray beam with a diameter of several centimeters to meters is needed.

For this purpose it is studied of how to collimate the X-rays using a zone plate. Furthermore, a configuration study is presented to characterize X-ray optics with such a collimated beam at the PANTER X-ray test facility. In particular, estimations for segmented optics for future X-ray missions such as ATHENA+ with a focal length of 10m to 20m are presented.

Silicon Pore Optics (SPO) is a lightweight high performance X-ray optics technology being developed in Europe, driven by applications in observatory class high energy astrophysics missions. An example of such application is the former ESA science mission candidate ATHENA (Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics), which uses the SPO technology for its two telescopes, in order to provide an effective area exceeding 1 m² at 1 keV, and 0.5 m² at 6 keV, featuring an angular resolution of 10” or better [1 to 24].

This paper reports on the development activities led by ESA, and the status of the SPO technology. The technology development programme has succeeded in maturing the SPO further and achieving important milestones, in each of the main activity streams: environmental compatibility, industrial production and optical performance. In order to accurately characterise the increasing performance of this innovative optical technology, the associated X-ray test facilities and beam-lines have been refined and upgraded.

MPE will provide the X-ray Survey Telescope eROSITA for the Russian Spektrum-Roentgen-Gamma Mission. The mirror system consists of a compact bundle of seven co-aligned mirror modules with a focal length of 1600 mm and 54 nested mirror shells each. The 61 arcmin field-of-view (FoV) will yield a high grasp of about 1000 cm²deg² around 1 keV. An angular resolution of 15 arcsec HEW on-axis (resulting in an average angular resolution of ~26 arcsec HEW over the field-of-view and ~30 arcsec including all optical and spacecraft error contributions) will help distinguish point sources from extended emission of galaxy clusters which are relevant for cosmological studies. During a four year allsky survey eROSITA will generate a new rich database of X-ray sources. In a second phase of the mission eROSITA will also perform pointed observations.

After a mirror development program the integration of flight mirror modules started in early 2011. Currently, the manufacturing of flight modules is ongoing and some of the partially integrated ones have already been X-ray tested. Calibration of completed mirror modules will start end of 2012. Parallel to the X-ray mirrors we have developed an X-ray baffle to suppress stray light from single reflections. It consists of precisely shaped and welded concentric Invar foils which will be mounted on top of each mirror module and aligned by optical means.

We report on the design and the mirror development program including the X-ray baffle and present the latest results from X-ray measurements.