To address the segmentation errors caused by the difficulty of determining the threshold values in the conventional method, an automatic segmentation method is proposed in this paper that uses both the object image pattern of the measured gear tooth flank and the modulation values obtained from the interference fringe patterns (IFPs). This segmentation method is integrated into the matching step. The matching step establishes the correlation between the image and the actual gear tooth flank by matching the simulated gear tooth flank image to the real one. First, pixel columns are extracted from both the object image pattern and the IFPs at a specified interval. Then, the boundary points of each column are located by the gray values. Second, the boundary points are optimized by the modulation values and the boundary curves of the gear tooth flank region are fitted by these boundary points. Finally, the simulation gear tooth flank image is matched with the boundary curves of the gear tooth flank region, resulting in the final segmented tooth flank region. The proposed method is verified in several IFPs, and the results show its feasibility and accuracy.
KEYWORDS: Nanoparticles, Particles, Temperature metrology, Optical engineering, Laser scattering, Laser interferometry, Laser applications, Signal to noise ratio, Signal detection, Scanning electron microscopy
As a well-known noncontact optical sensing technique, laser self-mixing interferometry (SMI) exhibits outstanding merits of low-cost, self-alignment, compactness, and high sensitivity, and it has been applied to typical geometrical quantity measurements, tomography, object imaging, as well as nanoparticle sizing. In SMI nanoparticle detection, as a result of Brownian motion, laser beam stochastically interacts with each particle in the illuminating volume, producing self-mixed signals with Lorentz shape power spectra, whose spectral broadening width is directly related with particle sizes. In general, FFT is always the first choice to obtain signals’ power spectra, but due to the influence of spectrum leakage, the heights of spectral lines may rise or fall and then change original Lorentz shapes and further increase sizing errors. Here, an all phase FFT (apFFT) method has been proposed to greatly suppress spectrum leakage, correct spectral line heights and further improve nanoparticle sizing errors for Rayleigh scattering cases. The apFFT method proposed is advantageous to developing precise SMI particle sensors or instruments, which may be applicable to chemical or medical applications.
Phase unwrapping in regions of abnormal fringes caused by noise, aliasing, fracturing, and the presence of mass discontinuous phases of unwrapped results remains an unresolved issue. We present an approach that combines an iterated discontinuous phase recovery strategy and a quality-guided algorithm based on mutual information quality maps. First, the quality-guided unwrapping algorithm based on mutual information is applied, and the results of the discontinuous phase region are excluded. Second, the remainder of the continuous phase region is rewrapped and unwrapped iteratively until there are no discontinuities in the result. Finally, the discontinuous region is recovered by a continuity operation. The method is validated through both simulations and experiments, thereby demonstrating that the proposed algorithm is robust in the presence of abnormal fringes and that the discontinuous phase can be reduced significantly.
A measurement datum is crucial in measuring a gear tooth flank by laser interferometry. Manufacturing a physical reference tooth flank as a measurement datum has many drawbacks: many different reference tooth flanks are needed with the changing of the measured gear’s parameters; the reference tooth flank’s manufacturing error lowers the measurement precision; the installation error between the measured and referenced tooth flank lowers the measurement precision also. The drawbacks restrain the practical use of measuring gear by laser interferometry. A construction method of a virtual measurement datum has been proposed to solve the problem. First, a virtual error-free model of the measured tooth flank is built according to its parameters and actual measurement position. Subsequently, the interferogram of the virtual tooth flank is simulated as a measurement datum through the ray tracing. To harvest the actual measurement position of the measured tooth flank, a compensation approach for optical system error and a tracing algorithm for actual installation position are developed. Experimental results prove that a virtual measurement datum can be constructed and used in measuring a gear tooth flank. Furthermore, this research verifies that ray tracing can be used to construct a virtual measurement datum in the relevant comparative measurements processes by laser interferometry.
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