Signal space diversity is a power and bandwidth efficient diversity technique. To exploit the signal space diversity, joint maximum-likelihood (ML) detection at the receiver is usually needed, where the complexity grows expontentially with the dimension of a lattice. In this paper, we propose a serial concatenated scheme and two simple iterative methods to exploit the signal space diversity. The simple iterative methods are based on the idea of soft interference cancellation. The first iterative method is based on a scalar Gaussian approximation while the second one is a vector Gaussian approximation. The complexity of the first iterative method grows linearly with the dimension of the lattice, and the simulations show that when the dimension of the lattice N = 32, at BER = 10-5, the performance gap between the Rayleigh fading channel and the Gaussian channel is only 0.3 dB. The complexity of the second iterative method grows cubically with the dimension of the lattice and the simulations show that its performance approaches that of the optimal MAP detection method.
Space-time block codes from orthogonal designs proposed by Alamouti, and Tarokh-Jafarkhani-Calderbank have attracted much attention lately due to their fast maximum-likelihood (ML) decoding and full diversity. However, the maximum symbol transmission rate of a space-time block code from complex orthogonal designs for complex constellations is only 3/4 for three and four transmit antennas.
Recently, Jafarkhani,and Tirkkonen-Boariu-Hottinen proposed space-time block codes from quasi-orthogonal designs, where the orthogonality is relaxed to provide higher symbol transmission rates. With the quasi-orthogonal structure, these codes still have a fast ML decodng algorithm, but do not have the full diversity. The performance of these codes is better than that of the codes from orthogonal designs at low SNR, but worse at high SNR. This is due to the fact that the slope of the BER-SNR curve depends on the diversity. In this paper, we design quasi-orthogonal space-time block codes with full diversity by properly choosing the signal constellations. In particular, we propose that half of the symbols in a quasi-orthogonal design are from a signal constellation Α and another half of them are optimal selections from the rotated constellation ejφΑ. The optimal rotation angles φ are obtained for some commonly used signal contellations. The resulting codes have both full diversity and fast ML decoding. Simulation results show that the proposed codes outperform the codes from orthogonal designs at both low and high SNRs.
In over-the-horizon radar (OTHR) moving target detection, the signal to clutter ratio (SCR) is low. One method to detect a moving target is to first reject the clutter and improve the SCR before the detection, such as the adaptive Fourier transform developed by Root when a target moves uniformly. When a target does not move uniformly, the Fourier based techniques for the target detection including super resolution techniques may not work well. In this paper, we replace the Fourier transform by the adaptive chirplet transform in the Doppler processing in OTHR when a target moves non-uniformly.
Space-time codes from orthogonal designs have two advantages, namely, fast maximum-likelihood (ML) decoding and full diversity. Rate 1 real (PAM) space-time codes (real orthogonal designs) for any transmit antennas have been constructed from the real Hurwitz-Radon families, which also provides the rate 1/2 complex (QAM) space-time codes (complex orthogonal designs) for any number of transmit antennas. Rate 3/4 complex orthogonal designs (space-time codes)for 3 and 4 transmit antennas have existed in the literature but no high rate (>½) complex orthogonal designs for other numbers of transmit antennas exists. In this correspondence, we present rate 7/11 and rate 3/5 generalized complex orthogonal designs for 5 and 6 transmit antennas, respectively.
This paper first reviews some basic properties of the discrete chirp-Fourier transform and then present an adaptive chirp- Fourier transform, a generalization of the amplitude and phase estimation of sinusoids (APES) algorithm proposed by Li and Stoica for sinusoidal signals. We finally applied it to the ISAR imaging of maneuvering targets.
Detection, location and SAR imaging of moving targets in clutter have attracted much attention. Locations of moving targets in the SAR image are determined not only by their geometric locations but also by their velocities that cause their SAR images de-focused, smeared, and mis-located in the azimuth dimension. Furthermore, the clutters may cause the detection of moving targets more difficult. Several antenna array based algorithms have been proposed to re-locate the moving targets in the SAR image. With a linear antenna array, the clutters may be suppressed using multiple phase centers. However, there are only two parameters involved in a linear antenna array, i.e., number of receiving antennas and the distance between two adjacent antennas. These two parameters physically limit the capability to detect the accurate locations of fast moving targets and such as vehicles, and only slowly moving targets, such as walking people, can be correctly re-located. In this paper, we propose an antenna array approach where transmitting single wavelength signals are generalized to transmitting multiple wavelength signals (called multi-frequency antenna array SAR). We show that, using multi-frequency antenna array SAR, not only the clutters can be suppressed but also locations of both slow and fast moving targets can be accurately estimated. For example, using two-frequency antenna array SAR system with wavelengths (lambda) 1 equals 0.03 m and (lambda) 2 equals 0.05 m, the maximal moving target velocity in the range direction is 1 5 m/s while using single frequency antenna array SAR system with wave length (lambda) 1 equals 0.03 m or (lambda) 2 equals 0.05 m, the maximal moving target velocity in the range direction are 3 m/s or 5 m/s, respectively. A robust Chinese Remainder Theorem (CRT) is developed and used for the location of fast and slowly moving targets. Simulations of SAR imaging of ground moving targets are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the multi-frequency antenna array SAR imaging algorithm.
KEYWORDS: Nickel, Sodium, CRTs, Antennas, Radon, Magnetic resonance imaging, Analog electronics, Synthetic aperture radar, Target detection, Signal to noise ratio
Frequency estimation/determination has applications in various areas, where the sampling rate is usually above the Nyquist rate. In some applications, it is preferred that the range of the frequencies is as large as possible for a given sampling rate and in some applications, the sampling rate is below the Nyquist rate. In both cases, frequency estimation from under sampled waveforms is needed. In this paper, we study the range problem and present an efficient algorithm to determine multiple frequencies form multiple under sampled waveforms with sampling rates below the Nyquist rates.
Amin et. al. recently developed a time-frequency MUSIC algorithm with narrow band models for the estimation of direction of arrival (DOA) when the source signals are chirps. In this research, we consider wideband models. The joint time-frequency analysis is first used to estimate the chirp rates of the source signals and then the DOA is estimated by the MUSIC algorithm with an iterative approach.
In this paper, we study some properties of nonmaximally decimated multirate filterbanks precoders in blindly mitigating the intersymbol interference channel.
Friedlander and Porat recently presented velocity SAR (VSAR) imaging of moving targets. In this correspondence, the VSAR is generalized to multi-frequency VSAR (MFVSAR). The MFVSAR can image both slowly and fast moving targets. Simulation results are presented to illustrate the theory.
KEYWORDS: Synthetic aperture radar, Signal to noise ratio, Radar, Signal detection, Radar signal processing, Interference (communication), Radar imaging, Analog electronics, Lithium, 3D image processing
In this paper, we study discrete chirp-Fourier transform (DCFT), which is analogous to the Discrete Fourier transform (DFT). Besides the multiple frequency matching similar to the DFT, the DCFT can be used to match the multiple chirp rates in a chirp-type signal with multiple chirp components. We show that the magnitudes of all the sidelobes of the DCFT of a quadratic chirp signal are 1 while the magnitude of the mainlobe of the DCFT is yieldsN, where N is a prime and is the length of the signal. With this result, an upper bound for the number of the detectable chirp components using the DCFT is provided in terms of signal length, signal and noise powers. We also show that the N-point DCFT performance optimally when N is a prime.
In conventional synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems, the image of a moving target is usually mislocated. In this paper, a dual-speed SAR imaging approach, i.e., the radar platform flies with two different speeds in the radar observation time duration, is proposed to resolve the above two problems, especially the mis-location problem. We also propose several practical approaches to the realization of the dual-speed radar platform. Some simulation results are given.
In this paper, we propose a block coded modulation (BCM) technique to reduce the peak to average power ratio (PAPR) in OFDM systems. In the proposed technique, binary blocks are mapped to M-ary blocks and M-ary blocks of small sizes with low PAPR are selected. Large size M-ary blocks with low PAPR are constructed by using the selected small size M-ary blocks. Similar to trellis coded modulation, with this technique variable rates ranging from 1 to a rate much higher than 1 of BCM can be obtained upon different requirements of the random error correction capability in the system, given that the PAPR is below a fixed value. PAPR gain is defined by comparing with the uncoded OFDM system. Optimal coding gain for the BCM given a PAPR gain is also obtained in various cases.
Modulated codes (MC) are error correction codes over the real/complex field, which are used for mitigating the intersymbol interference (ISI). Due to the same arithmetic operations of the MC encoding and the ISI channel, MC can be algebraically combined with the ISI channel. Using MC, a new coded zero-forcing decision feedback equalizer (ZF-DFE) is proposed, which has the superior performance over the conventional uncoded/coded ZF-DFE and the uncoded/coded Tomlinson-Harashima precoding. The computational complexity of the new coded ZF-DFE is, however, similar to the one of the uncoded ZF-DFE. In this paper, we also present the performance analysis for the MC coded ZF-DFE and then present the optimal MC design for a given ISI channel or its statistics especially for the MC coded ZF-DFE. The coding gain is formulated over the uncoded system in the AWGN channel.
In this paper, we systematically study modulated codes (MC) that are encoded after the binary-to-complex symbol mapping. The main advantage of modulated codes is that their encoding arithmetic operations and the intersymbol interference (ISI) channel arithmetic operations are all defined on the complex field and therefore can be algebraically combined together. With MC, the ISI is not treated as distortion but diversity gain. The performance analysis and simulation results of MC over the ISI channel are presented.
The non-ideal motion of the hydrophone usually induces the aperture error of the synthetic aperture sonar (SAS), which is one of the most important factors degrading the SAS imaging quality. In the SAS imaging, the return signals are usually nonstationary due to the non-ideal hydrophone motion. In this paper, joint time-frequency analysis (JTFA), as a good technique for analyzing nonstationary signals, is used in the SAS imaging. Based on the JTFA of the sonar return signals, a novel SAS imaging algorithm is proposed. The algorithm is verified by simulation examples.
Chen recently presented an ISAR imaging technique using the joint time-frequency analysis (JTFA), which has been shown having a better performance for maneuvering targets over the conventional Fourier transform method. It is because the frequencies of the radar returns of the maneuvering targets are time-varying and JTFA is a technique that is suitable for such signals. It is also known that JTFA concentrates a signal, such as a chirp, while spreads noise. In this paper, we study the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in the ISAR imaging using the JTFA. We show that the SNR increases in the joint TF domain over the one in the time or the frequency domain alone both theoretically and numerically. This shows another advantage of the JTFA technique for the ISAR imaging.
Ferrari, Berenguer, and Alengrin recently proposed an algorithm for velocity ambiguity resolution in coherent pulsed Doppler radar using multiple pulse repetition frequencies (PRF). In this algorithm, two step estimations for the Doppler frequency is used by choosing particular PRF values. The folded frequency is the fractional part of the Doppler frequency and is estimated by averaging the folded frequency estimates for each PRF. The ambiguity order is the integer part of the Doppler frequency and is estimated by using the quasi maximum likelihood criterion. The PRF are grouped into pairs and each pair PRF values are symmetry about 1. The folded frequency estimate for each pari is the circular mean of the two folded frequency estimates of the pair due to the symmetry property. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm based on the optimal choice of the PRF values, where the PRF values are also grouped into pairs. In each pair PRF values, one is given and the other is optimally chosen. The optimality is built upon the minimal sidelobes of the maximum likelihood criterion. Numerical simulations are presented to illustrate the improved performance.
We describe a dense and flexible all optical multi-channel communication system for high speed computer interconnects. The system can provide 10 Gb/s for each individual node with a total system capacity to 250 Gb/s using currently available technologies. The system capacity can be scaled to 1 Tb/s using optical amplifiers with a broader bandwidth and higher modulations. The system is based on the multi-beam (heterodyne) modulator (MBM) recently demonstrated in our laboratory and other current technologies in tunable laser arrays and acousto-optical tunable filter (AOTF). Each MBM automatically forms a high frequency microwave sub-carrier multiplexing (SCM) with sub-carrier frequency to tens of GHz. A MBM with sub-carriers at 17 and 21 GHz has already been demonstrated and can be scaled to higher frequencies by using a higher frequency detector. Each SCM group may consist of up to 10 one-Gb/s channels and occupies only 1 nm spectral width. Therefore we can form a conventional WDM with 25 divisions within the bandwidth of commercially available optical amplifiers.
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