Speckle metrology techniques utilize the phenomenon of speckle patterns for various measurement applications. Speckle pattern interferometry and speckle shearography are the widely used speckle metrological techniques in diverse fields. In speckle interferometry, the phase map embedded in the speckle pattern fringes is directly proportional to the displacement; however, in speckle shearography, it is related directly to displacement derivative. We aim to explore the relationship between the extracted phase derivative from speckle fringe pattern and the phase from their corresponding shearing fringes along the x and y directions. A speckle fringe pattern and the sheared fringes along the x and y directions are numerically generated. From speckle fringe pattern, the phase derivatives along the x and y directions are extracted by using the Riesz transform algorithm, whereas from the shearing fringes, the phase distribution is extracted by using monogenic signal. The similarity between the phase derivate distribution from speckle fringe pattern and phase distribution from sheared fringe is quantitatively evaluated by using image quality index. Furthermore, application experimental data are also presented.
Differential SAR interferometry (DInSAR) is an effective remote sensing technique for determining land surface deformation and displacement. The earlier limitations of this technique were the loss of coherence and the presence of atmospheric noise. For this reason, advanced DInSAR techniques, such as Persistent scatterer InSAR (PS-InSAR) and Short Baseline InSAR (SB-InSAR), have been proposed to overcome these limitations by exploiting multiple interferograms. The region studied in this work is the city of Al Hoceima located in Morocco. This region is characterized by dynamic seismic activity that induced several earthquakes between May 27, 2015, and April 27, 2016, where several magnitudes ranging from 3.9 to 6.3 Mw (on 01/25/2016) were measured. 19 Sentinel-1 Single Look Complex (SLC) images of this region of Al Hoceima were exploited in this work, and a three-pass DInSAR approach in SB-InSAR was used to correct topographic errors when generating velocity maps. The analysis of United States Geological Survey (USGS) seismic data showed an increase of 1 magnitude (Mw)/day at a constant rate over time in the region. The effects of the disaster on the region were shown by a rapid rate of ground subsidence velocity at a rate of more than -23 cm/year in the year of observation.
Phase extraction in differential synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometry (DInSAR) is an important tool used for detecting subcentimeter-level change in ground deformation. The evaluated phase map processing is conducted via two important and successive steps: phase denoising and phase unwrapping. We attack the first step and propose the performance of discrete Riesz wavelets transform to reduce the residual speckle noise from the generated DinSAR phase map. The performance of the proposed method is appraised using three important criteria such as peak-to-signal-noise ratio (PSNR), the quality index Q, and the edge preservation index. The obtained metric values reveal that this technique can improve the PSNR and Q in comparison with other famous techniques. Finally, we apply the algorithm to denoise a real DinSAR phase map generated with sentinel application platform software using three SAR data of the Napa city in California.
Fringe pattern analysis is an essential step in optical techniques including the digital speckle pattern interferometry (DSPI), digital speckle shearing interferometry (DSPSI), digital holographic interferometry (DHI), moiré interferometry, and others. This step enables to evaluate the coded phase distribution related to a physical magnitude of the material under study such as deformation, displacement, refractive index, strain, temperature. Several methods have been proposed for the extraction of phase distribution such as phase-shifting techniques and other transform-based methods like Fourier, Hilbert, and wavelet transforms. In phase-shifting techniques, the intensity is sampled spatially or temporally, and the object should be stable during the acquisition of at least three frames. So, this technique is not suitable for the analysis of dynamic events. Recently, Riesz transform, two-dimensional extension of the Hilbert transform, has been exploited in several works including the phase evaluation. In this work, we present a variety of methods based on the Riesz transform for fringe pattern analysis. The analysis concerns the extraction of the encoded phase distribution from the recorded/processes fringe patterns obtained from the interferometric techniques and their horizontal and vertical phase derivatives. Using numerical simulation, we study the performance of these Riesz transform-based methods with a quantitative appraisal, and finally, the experimental application will be presented. The advantages and limitations of the Riesz transform-based methods will be discussed.
KEYWORDS: Denoising, Speckle, Digital holography, Speckle pattern, Interferometry, Holographic interferometry, Signal to noise ratio, Image quality, Temperature metrology, Data processing
We demonstrate the performance of nonlocal means (NLM) and its related adaptive kernel-based methods for speckle denoising for the intensity and phase images acquired from the digital speckle pattern interferometric (DSPI) and digital holographic interferometric (DHI) techniques, respectively. The speckle denoise capabilities of NLM and its variant denoising methods such as NLM-average (NLM-av), NLM-local polynomial regression (NLM-PLR), and NLM-shape adaptive patches (NLM-SAP), and various NLM-reprojection schemes are implemented on simulated. Their performances are quantified on the basis of two metric criteria – peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and the image quality index (Q). The effectiveness of these denoising methods is compared with other existing speckle denoising methods. The obtained results suggest that these denoising methods have the ability to denoise speckles from the DSPI/DHI fringes and provide better visual and quantitative results.
Phase-shifting interferometry is a highly accurate technique for obtaining phase distribution from the recorded fringe patterns. Generally, phase-shifting interferometry requires recording several fringe patterns with varying phase shifts experimentally and during the acquisition, the object must be stable. Also, the atmospheric turbulence and mechanical conditions should also remain constant during this time. These requirements limit the use of these phase-shifting interferometric techniques in dynamic event studies. In the present work, we introduce Riesz transformed based digital four-step phase-shifting interferometer to obtain phase distribution from a single recorded fringe pattern. All the experimental phase-shifting setups necessary to realize the phase-shifting are removed. The idea is based on the recording of a single fringe pattern, and computes its Riesz transform at first, second and third-orders. The obtained Riesz transform components are combined to generate three π/2 phase-shifted fringe patterns, and then, the phase distribution is obtained from these phase-shifted fringe patterns. The performance of this method is demonstrated first by using numerical simulation and the quantitative appraisal is given by using image quality index. Further, we apply this technique on a real fringe pattern recorded in digital speckle pattern interferometry (DSPI). The obtained results reveal that our method provides a simple and accurate solution for phase evaluation, therefore, makes it suitable for real-time measurements.
In this work, we propose a combination of the Teager–Kaiser energy operator (TKEO) and the spiral phase transform (SPT) for robust instant energy estimation of amplitude-modulated and frequency-modulated (AM–FM) signals, where the energy extraction is followed by a high-frequency component, generally considered as noise. We demonstrate that this noise component can be subtracted mathematically using the SPT transformation applied to the AM–FM signal. The improvement in demodulation is tested using a simulated AM–FM image and evaluated by the image quality index. An experimental speckle fringe pattern obtained by digital speckle pattern interferometry on a hard disk is denoised using a multiband approach and demodulated using the proposed method.
In this work, a method based on vortex operator, for removal of monotonically increasing or decreasing phase ambiguity in the retrieved phase by the Riesz transform method in digital interferometric techniques is presented. Since in digital interferometric techniques, the phase extraction methods and algorithms are essential because these techniques are being continuously employed in many scientific, industrial, and engineering applications to measure various physical parameters which are encoded as the phase of the fringe pattern. There exist many methods/algorithms for phase extraction from the fringe pattern such as temporal phase-shifting, spatial phase-shifting, fast Fourier transforms (FFT) method, wavelet transform, Hilbert transform etc. In recent years, phase extraction from a single fringe pattern by using the Riesz transform method is developed because of its several advantages. However, the retrieved phase by Riesz transform is affected by π shifts due to the lack of discrimination between positive and negative spatial frequencies. This problem could be resolved by using a vortex operator which filters the data in the frequency domain. We present here some simulated results demonstrating the removal of phase ambiguity in the retrieved phase by Riesz transform method.
Nonlocal means (NLM) and its variant filtering methods such as nonlocal means-average (NLM-av), nonlocal meanslocal polynomial regression (NLM-LPR), and nonlocal means-shape adaptive patches (NLM-SAP) for speckle noise reduction in digital speckle pattern interferometric (DSPI) fringes are presented. The performance of these filtering methods is appraised by several criteria such as peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), the quality index (Q), and the edge preservation index (EPI). The obtained filtering results corroborate the effectiveness of NLM and its variant filtering methods for speckle noise reduction in DSPI fringes.
Wavelets shrinkage is the most illustrative of wavelets transform for speckle noise reduction. We aim to study the performance of a monogenic wavelet transform to reduce the speckle noise in digital speckle pattern interferometric fringes. The proposed method is implemented on simulated and experimental speckle fringe patterns and its performance is appraised on the basis of peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and quality index (Q). The ability to reduce the speckle noise by the proposed method is compared with other classical speckle denoising methods. The obtained results corroborate the effectiveness of the proposed method for speckle noise reduction in speckle fringes in terms of PSNR and Q. It is also observed that the method provides better qualitative and quantitative results. Furthermore, the proposed method preserves the edge information of the speckle fringes, a feature that is quantified by the edge preservation index.
We present a Wiener Teager–Kaiser approach for phase derivative estimation from a single speckle correlation fringe. In principle, the Teager–Kaiser operator estimates the energy of the fringe pattern and extracts its phase derivatives using an energy separation algorithm. However, in the estimation of the energy, this operator presents a computation error mainly due to a high frequency component. In this work, we addressed this error in mean square error sense by applying the Wiener filter on the operator prior to phase derivative computation. The performance of our proposed method on simulated and real fringe improves significantly the accuracy of the Teager–Kaiser operator.
We propose a technique to estimate the phase derivative in both x and y directions based on Riesz transform from a single speckle correlation fringes. The originality of this technique is to exploit Riesz transform for phase derivatives estimation, spatial modulation, speckle denoising, and measure of features similarity. Phase modulation process is realized by combining a digital spatial carrier and Riesz quadrature; speckle denoising is computed using Riesz wavelets transform, and the performance is evaluated by Riesz features SIMilarity. Before applying our method on real speckle correlation fringes, its performance is tested by numerical simulation.
A method for optical phase extraction based on two-dimensional discrete wavelets transform (2-DWT) decomposition is shown. From modulated fringe pattern, phase distribution is extracted by the ratio between detail and approximation. Modulation process is realized digitally by introducing high-frequency spatial carrier, and this process needs two π/2-shifted fringe patterns. We propose to use only single fringe and generate its quadrature by spiral phase transform (SPT). After validation by computer simulation, we apply the 2-DWT algorithm on experimental speckle fringe correlation taken for hard disk surface. The extracted phase using SPT quadrature was compared with that given using this time experimental quadrature, and we show a good performance by multiscale structural similarity metric.
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