The results of studies of the femtosecond laser pulses propagation in air in the mode of self-focusing and filamentation are presented. The analysis of the numerical simulation results is carried out based on the method of diffraction-ray tubes. This approach made it possible to evaluate the characteristics of the energy-replenishing diffraction-ray tube, which forms a nonlinear focus, contains energy sufficient for compensation of the beam energy loss throughout the entire life cycle of the filament, and after its completion determines the boundaries of the postfilamentation channel (PFC). It is found that the average power in PFC formed by beams of sub- and millimeter radius is about 0.6-0.9 critical power for self-focusing, and it weakly depends on the initial parameters of the femtosecond laser pulse. In general, the energy consumption of radiation on filamentation decreases with increasing the initial beam radius. The angular divergence of PFC decreases by an order when the initial radius of the laser beam increases from submillimeter to millimeter values. For the last class of beams, the angular divergence of PFC remains approximately constant (20-25 microradians). Dependence of the angular divergence of post-filamentation light channels on the peak pulse power is less pronounced.
We report the study of “photonic nanojet” (PNJ) formed by laser radiation scattering on single-layer ordered assembly of dielectric microtoroids placed on the silicone film surface. By means of the FDTD - method, the parameters of PNJ (length, width, intensity) are calculated. It has been shown that the main factor influencing the studied characteristics of PNJ is the spatial configuration of the particle scattering radiation, namely, the diameter of its internal section. It has been established that for certain configurations of the placement of toroids in the cluster, the PNJ ensemble is implemented with parameters significantly better than for a single toroid.
The effect of the group velocity dispersion of a pulse on the propagation of pulses of a titanium-sapphire laser in air is considered. Numerical simulation is performed for powerful femtosecond laser pulses with a duration of 100 and 20 fs, while laser beams with different initial radius and peak powers is considered. The study is based on the analysis of the results of numerical solutions of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation in a Kerr-plasma dissipative dispersion medium, carried out in the framework of the diffraction-ray tube method. The manifestation of dispersion is detected in the case when the dispersion length is not the smallest scale of all the characteristic longitudinal scales of the problem. The relation for the effective dispersion length is obtained in order to evaluate the effect of normal dispersion on the propagation of powerful femtosecond laser pulses. It has been established that in a nonlinear focusing medium, an increase in the initial radius of the laser beam can cause a disruption of filamentation even at high levels of supercritical power.
While propagating in air in the filamentation regime a high-power ultrashort laser pulse experiences the self-organizing into spatially localized light channels, which represent parts of laser beam with the highest intensity and have angular divergence reduced in comparison with the beam as a whole. We present the experimental results on the main characteristics of post-filamentation channels formed by the filamentation of Ti:Sapphire-laser pulses (744 nm, 90 fs) in air. We found that these post-filamentation channels are characterized by a number of features, namely, broader spectral composition with pronounced red shift against the initial pulse spectrum, strong nonlinear phase modulation, and reduced pulse duration. We showed that the increase of initial pulse energy from 0.5 to 2 mJ does not affect post-filamentation channel energy (about 0.4 mJ) though leads to significant change in its spectrum. Thereby, relatively high intensity (more than 0.1 TW/cm2), low angular divergence (fractions of mrad) and wide spectral range of post-filamentation channel help to obtain an ultra supercontinual pulse spectrum by means of post-filamentation channel recurrent filamentation in a medium with high optical nonlinearity (e.g., solid dielectric). The obtained results can be useful in solving the practical task of high-intensive post-filamentation light channels application in laser pulse energy long-range delivery.
We report the study of light absorption efficiency of a hollow spherical microparticle (microcapsule) doped with strongly absorbing gold nanoparticles of spherical and cylindrical spatial shapes. By means of the FDTD numerical simulations, the absorption spectra of a doped microcapsule in the visible and near-IR spectral regions (from 0.5 μm to 0.9 μm) are calculated. Based on the research results we can draw the several conclusions. First, the absorption efficiency of initially transparent spherical microcapsule is effectively tailored by doping the necessary amount of strongly absorbing nanometersized metal (gold) particles. Meanwhile, with a rather low volume fraction of nano-inclusions in the capsule shell (~ 18%) it is possible to rise its absorption cross-section to the value of an absolutely absorbing sphere. Next, the spectral absorption of a microcapsule turns out to be quite non-uniform in the considered wavelength range of incident radiation and depends on the morphology of nano-inclusions. In some spectral regions, substantial capsule absorption enhancement is realized due to the resonant excitation of surface plasmons in nanoparticles (from 540 nm to 570 nm for spheres, from 670 nm to 770 nm for rods of various form factors). In the long-wavelength wing of the spectrum, the efficiency of absorption of a nanoparticle-doped capsule as a rule decreases due to its Mie-parameter decrease and a drop in the absorption coefficient of bulk gold. The chromatic dispersion of microcapsule absorption decreases with the increasing of volume content of plasmonic nanoparticles. By simultaneous combining gold nanoparticles of various shapes (spheres and rods), it is possible to obtain a quasi-neutral absorption of composite capsule in the considered wavelength range. Finally, the absorptivity of a nanoparticle-doped microcapsule can be calculated using the effective homogenized medium formulae mainly in the conditions of weak chromatic dispersion of capsule absorption. This situation is usually realized with cylinder-shaped nano-inclusions or at high levels of total shell absorption. Besides, the Bruggeman mixing rule does not capture the surface plasmon resonances of nanoparticle-dope.
The results of experimental and theoretical studies of the filamentation of femtosecond laser pulses using a bimorph deformable mirror, which allows controlling the position of the filamentation domain throughout a model path due to phase distortions of different parts of a laser beam, determining localization of filaments and high-intensity channels in the beam cross section.
Results of numerical simulation of light absorption by the dimer of bilayer spherical particles consisting of a water core and a polymer shell absorbing radiation are presented. The spatial distribution and the amplitude characteristics of the volume density of the absorbed power are investigated. It is shown that for a certain spatial dimer configuration, the maximal achievable density of the absorbed power is realized. It is also established that for closely spaced microcapsules with high shell absorption indices, the total power absorbed in the dimer volume can increase in comparison with the radiation absorption by two insulated microparticles
Results of numerical simulation of self-action in air of a sequence of ultrashort laser pulses with a carrier in the near and mid-IR regions are presented. We show that the use of a 10.6-μm pulse train allows significant elongation of the plasma channel generated during pulse filamentation and enhancement of its spatial connectivity. The filamentation of a submicron pulse train does not visibly change filamentation region parameters.
The effect of "photonic nanojet" (PNJ) arising in the near-field scattering region at the surface of dielectric axisymmetric microparticles (hemisphere, axicon, combined particles) under optical illumination is considered theoretically. Numerical calculations of PNJ key parameters (length, width, peak intensity) were performed using the method of discrete-dipole approximation; the dependence of jet’s key parameters on the geometric shape of the microparticles is analyzed. We show that using a special type of combined transparent particles consisting of an axicon and two attached hemispheres, ultra-localized light fluxes with a peak intensity considerably exceeding the corresponding values for particles of simple shapes (hemisphere, axicon) can be realized.
Optical radiation absorption in the poly-layer spherical microparticles simulating the inorganic/organic polyshell absorbing microcapsules is considered. With the aim of the finite-difference time-domain technique, the spatial distribution of the absorbed light power in microcapsules of various sizes and internal structure is numerically calculated. For the purpose of light absorption enhancement, we have engineered the optimal structure of a capsule consisting of a strong-refracting transparent outer coating and an absorbing layer which covers a liquid core. The proposed microcapsule prototype provides for a manifold increase in the absorbed light power density in comparison with the usual single-layer absorbing capsule. We show that for light-wavelengths-scaled microcapsules it is optimal to use a material with the refractive index larger than two as an outer shell, for example, titanium dioxide (TiO2). The highest values of the absorbed power density can be obtained in microcapsules with absorbing shell thickness of approximately a tenth of a laser wavelength. When laser radiation is scattered by a dimer constituted by two identical absorbing microcapsules the absorbed power density can be maximized by the choosing of proper dimer spatial configuration. In the case of strongly absorbing particles, the absorption maximum corresponds to a shift of the capsules to a distance of about their diameter, and in the case of weakly absorbing particles the absorption is maximal when particles are in geometrical shades of each other.
Experimental and theoretical study of the post-filamentation stage of focused high-power Ti:Sa laser pulses in air is presented. Angular divergence of the laser beam, as well as angular and spatial characteristics of specific spatially localized light structures, the post-filament channels (PFCs), under different initial focusing conditions and laser beam energy are investigated. We show that PFC angular divergence is always less than that of the whole laser beam and tends to decrease with laser pulse energy increase and beam focal length elongation.
Remote monitoring of water pollution, namely thin films of oil or oil products on water surface, can be carried out by laser fluorimetry. The pollutants fluorescence during its interaction with ultrashort UV laser pulses was experimentally studied in this paper. The laser pulses power was considered in a wide range of values including the filamentation regime. We compared fluorescence stimulated by femtosecond UV laser pulses with two central wavelengths (248 and 372 nm) for detection of crude oil and the following oil products: oil VM-5, oil 5W-40 and solvent WhiteSpirit. It was shown that shorter UV wavelengths are more suitable for fluorescence excitation. The spatial resolution of the fluorescence localization was no worse than 30 cm. We discuss techniques of high intensity emission delivery to the remote target as post-filamentation channels and multifilamentation beam propagation regime as well experimentally and numerically.
The near field of scattering of an optical wave (zone of photonic jet (PhJ)) at radially symmetric nonabsorbing micronsized dielectric particles is numerically simulated with an emphasis at the study of size and amplitude parameters of photonic jets from quartz microparticles of various spatial shape and orientation. Photonic jets from hemispheres are shown to have the long length, but relatively low intensity. The use of conical particles of a certain shape gives a record increase of the PhJ length up to two tens of wavelengths of the incident radiation (at the fixed intensity level) at the preserved subwavelength transverse dimension of the photonic jet.
The results of numerical modeling of the near-field scattering of the light wave (photonic (nano)jet - PNJ) on the composite particles, representing a truncated circular cone with attached hemispheres are presented. For the first time it is shown that the combination of spherical and conical light focusing by composite particles leads to the formation of highly localized photonic jets with peak intensity being considerable higher than that for isolated microaxicons of the same cross-section.
The results of numerical simulation of multiple filamentation of terawatt femtosecond pulse Ti:Sapphire laser performed on the experimental data obtained in the airway of a length of 106 m when changing the initial spatial focusing and laser power.
The results of laboratory and numerical experiments on propagation of focused intense pulse-periodic and continuous CO2-laser radiation in the absorbing gas and aerosol media are presented. It is established that focal waist of a laser beam is characterized by reduced heat release that is associated with absorption saturation. It is shown that increase of pulse repetition frequency in a train decreases effect of optical breakdown on path transparence since under the condition of constant mean radiation power peak intensity in each pulse decreases and probability of breakdown onset is reduced.
The possibility of ultrahigh localization of the optical field near micrometer-sized spherical dielectric particles (zone of “photonic jet”) excited by the pulsed laser radiation is studied theoretically. It is shown for the first time that the photonic jet formed at the nonstationary de-excitation of high-Q resonance modes of a particle can have the sub-diffraction crossdimensional size.
Features of formation "photonic nanojets" (PNJs) near the surface of spherical dielectric microparticles irradiated by a spatially limited laser beam are theoretically investigated. The influence of the waist size of a light beam with the Gaussian transverse intensity profile on PNJ spatial parameters and peak intensity is found for the first time.
The special features of an optical field formed inside a micron-sized weakly absorbing spherical dielectric particle illuminated by a spatially bounded Gaussian beam in the form of a single pulse or an ultrashort laser pulse train are considered. It is established that the efficiency of incident radiation energy transfer to a given high-Q natural resonance of the particle illuminated by a focused light beam significantly depends on the pulse period-to-pulse
duration ratio in the train and linear frequency modulation depth of each pulse. The influence of the geometry of particle illumination and of the number of pulses in the train on the time dependence of the internal particle field and its peak intensity is investigated.
The numerical simulations results of resonance excitation of internal optical field of transparent spherical microparticles
under irradiation by ultra-short laser pulse train are presented. It was determined that the most optimal tuning of incident
radiation to assigned high-Q eigenresonance of a particle might be realized using varying a porousness of pulse in a train
with linear frequency modulation of each pulse in a train (chirping). Analytical expressions were found for calculation of
these parameters depending on laser pulse duration and frequency location of excited resonance.
The problem about two-photon induced fluorescence of organic dye active molecules located in spherical transparent
microparticles at the ultrashort laser pulses influence was theoretically investigated. The system of kinetic equations for
laser generation was written taking into account stimulation transitions. Generation regimes of stimulated radiation were
found. Resonator properties of spherical microparticles were theoretically investigated using the method of expanding
optical fields into series of eigenfunctions. The breakdown of the beginning of stimulated radiation in the microparticle
was determined. It was shown that stimulated radiation intensity depends on degree of its spatial overlap with all other
modes of the pump radiation. The interpretation of experimental data of two-photon induced fluorescence in the particles
with organic dye was carried out.
The angular distribution of spontaneous fluorescence excited inside a spherical microparticle by femtosecond laser
radiation is considered. The distribution of the internal optical field of a particle is investigated at the multiphoton
excitation of fluorescence. The position and the effective volume of fluorescence sources in a particle are calculated
numerically as functions of the particle radius in the cases of one-, two-, and three-photon excited fluorescence. The
equation determining the relation between the mean brightness of fluorescence from the front and rear hemispheres of a
particle is derived within the framework of geometric optics. It is shown that if a fluorescence source is located near the
shadow hemisphere of a particle, asymmetry appears in the angular distribution of spontaneous fluorescence in the
forward and backward directions. This asymmetry becomes more pronounced, as the number of photons taking part in
the process increases.
We report numerical calculations of scattering and backscattering efficiency factors of water droplets illuminated by a quasi-white light radiation (a supercontinuum radiation) that results from self-focusing of a high-power femtosecond laser pulse in the atmosphere. The behavior of these integral optical characteristics for a wide range of droplet sizes that covers the size spectra of fog and cloud particles is analyzed. The results are compared to the values of the scattering factors obtained by the Lorentz-Mie theory.
The problem about two-photon induced fluorescence of organic dye active molecules located in spherical transparent
microparticles at the ultrashort laser pulses influence was theoretically investigated. The system of kinetic equations for
laser generation was written taking into account stimulation transitions. Generation regimes of stimulated radiation were
found. Resonator properties of spherical microparticles were theoretically investigated using the method of expanding
optical fields into series of eigenfunctions. The breakdown of the beginning of stimulated radiation in the microparticle
was determined. It was shown that stimulated radiation intensity depends on degree of its spatial overlap with all other
modes of the pump radiation. The interpretation of experimental data of two-photon induced fluorescence in the
particles with organic dye was carried out.
The possibility of chirped laser pulses application for "high-altitude" light filament generation during propagation of the
high-power femtosecond radiation on vertical atmospheric path taking into account the changing of a nonlinear
interactions constants versus altitude. It is shown on the basis of the model of barometrical reduction of the air density
and corresponding increase of the critical self-focusing power we can really operate the nonlinear beam focus location
using chirping. The pulse without frequency modulation propagates on th path in linear regime without filament forming
and chirping of such pulse leads to its temporal compression and as a result to light filament formation with high peak
intensity.
Among the broad audience of problems of atmospheric nonlinear optics the important place is occupied with a problem
about interaction of intensive laser radiation with water microparticles. Drops, being in a field of powerful light
radiation, owing to effects of evaporation or explosion change the optical characteristics and influence on the optical
properties of an environment. It results to that process and the distribution of intensive laser radiation in a particle is
characterized by self-influence and is capable to change the internal power of a drop due to occurrence of areas of
optical breakdown. In the report the model of destruction of water microparticles under action of supershort laser
radiation is submitted. The physical contents of model is the effect of shock boiling up of a liquid at it gas-dynamic
expansion from areas subject to optical breakdown.
The main effective parameters of high-power femtosecond laser radiation (energy transfer coefficient, effective radius,
effective duration, limiting angular divergence, and effective intensity) during its propagation along an atmospheric
horizontal path under the conditions of filamentation have been investigated theoretically. It is shown that the process of
self-action of this radiation is characterized by formation of a nonlinearity layer, after which the radiation propagates
linearly with the limiting divergence lower that the initial diffraction-limited divergence of the beam. The effective
pulse duration and the effective beam radius increase after the passage through the nonlinearity layer, and their values
are mostly determined by the initial beam power and weakly depending on the initial spatial focusing of the beam. The
coefficient of energy transmission for the femto-second pulse is lower than in the linear medium and has a tendency to
decrease with the increase of the power.
The problem about fluorescence of organic molecules located in micropartical-cavity at two-photon absorption in the
condition of laser pulse radiation influence taking into account stimulated transitions was theoretically investigated. The
approach based on the metod of open-resonator theory with light fields expanded in series of quasinormal vibrational
eigenmodes of a dielectric full sphere was used. For active molecules in microcavity the model of generalized two-level
system noted with processes of two-photon absorption and emission, spontaneous and stimulated emissions on stokes
frequencies was considered. The kinetic equations solution were obtained.
The filamentation behavior of femtosecond laser pulses in air in the presence of aerosol on the optical path is simulated
numerically on the base of (3D+1)-dimensional nonlinear Schrodinger equation. The effect of a localized attenuating
layer modeling an aerosol medium extinction on the spatial extension and evolution of a light filament is investigated. It
is shown for the first time that the filamentation length depends not only on the optical depth of the aerosol layer and
pulse peak power but also on aerosol location on the propagation path. The length of the filament is maximal if the
nonlinear focus of the beam is located behind the aerosol layer rather than before it.
The angular distribution of the spontaneous fluorescence excited by the laser radiation inside a spherical particle has been considered. The position and the effective volume of radiating in the particle the fluorescence sources has been calculated numerically as functions of the particle radius in the cases of excitation of single-, two-, and three-photon fluorescence. Within the framework of the geometric-optics approach, an equation determining the ratio of the mean brightness of fluorescence from the front and rear hemispheres of the particle is obtained. It is shown, that in the case of localization of fluorescence source of near to a shadow hemisphere of a particle there is asymmetry in the angular distribution of the spontaneous fluorescence in the forward and backward directions, which becomes more pronounced when the order of multiphoton-excitation process increases.
Proc. SPIE. 5396, Tenth Joint International Symposium on Atmospheric and Ocean Optics/Atmospheric Physics. Part I: Radiation Propagation in the Atmosphere and Ocean
The space and time evolution of the internal optical field intensity inside weakly absorbing micron-sized particles at diffraction of femtosecond laser radiation is studied numerically using the Fourier method in combination with the Mie theory. Peculiarities are found in the dynamics of formation of the spatial distribution of the femtosecond pulse intensity in particles at various pulse duration, laser beam shape, particle size, and illumination geometry. It is shown that at nonstationary diffraction we almost always observe resonant excitation of the internal optical field, at which the natural frequencies of one or several high-Q resonance modes of the particle fall in the central part of the spectrum of the incident pulse. This leads to the delay of the radiation in the particle and to the decrease of the temporally absolute peak of the internal field intensity as compare dto the stationary case. The decrease of the peak intenstity is the greatest in the case of exact resonance, when it may achieve several orders of magnitude. Illumination of the particle by a narrow Gaussian beam of femtosecond duration directed at the particle center gives a gain in the internal field intensity as compared to the edge incidence of the radiation.
Proc. SPIE. 5396, Tenth Joint International Symposium on Atmospheric and Ocean Optics/Atmospheric Physics. Part I: Radiation Propagation in the Atmosphere and Ocean
Diffraction of a train of femtosecond laser pulses at a weakly absorbing aerosol particle is considered based on the analytical solution of the Maxwell equations obtained through representation of light fields as series expansion in terms of electromagnetic eigenmodes of a dielectric sphere.
The dynamics of formation of an optical field inside a transparent spherical particle irradiated by a single pulse and a train of ultrashort laser pulses is comparatively analyzed. It is found that when the particle is exposed to a series of laser pulses, both the evolution of the field inside the particle and its energy characteristics vary depending on the pulse repetition frequency. The analysis shows that the decrease of the gap between the acting laser pulses leads to the increase in the intensity of the internal field in the zone of its maximmum. As this takes place, the lifetime of the field inside the particle increases because the spectrum of the acting radiation become richer as compared to a single pulse and the probability of excitation of high-Q resonance modes in the particle is higher.
Proc. SPIE. 5396, Tenth Joint International Symposium on Atmospheric and Ocean Optics/Atmospheric Physics. Part I: Radiation Propagation in the Atmosphere and Ocean
The investigation directed on creation a new physical methods of aerosol medium diagnostics is represented increasing interest now. For improve of existing diagnostic opportunities of flourescent techniques the theoretical study of the questions connected with the establishment a ratio of observable signal characteristics of multiphoton excitation fluorescence and physical - chemical parameters of aerosol particles is important. In this connection the angular characteristics of multiphoton excitation fluorescence (MEF) in microparticles is one of such interesting tasks.
A problem of optical effects in aerosol particles is considered in the tasks of atmospheric femtosecond optics. Based on numerical solution of a problem on diffraction of plane wave of femtosecond duration by a weekly absorbing spherical particle, the spatial-temporal structure of the internal light field is studied. An existence of a multi-mode exciting regime of whispering galler modes is found. It is shown that a decrease of this factor at transition from the monochromatic wave to the femtosecond pulse results in significant decrease of intense internal field in the points of its maxima. A possibility to generate stimulated radiation in a particle at the Stokes frequencies and the third harmonics frequencies is also discussed. The thresholds of nonlinear optical effects under the condition of femtosecond laser pulse action on a dielectric microsphere are considered.
The vibrations of droplet surface results in origin of a dynamic component of scattered light. These vibrations arise or by virtue of natural reasons connected with a movement of particles in the atmosphere, or can be stimulated by modulated light radiation. The vibration frequencies of droplets are unequivocally determined by their sizes and properties of a liquid, that gives an opportunity of reception of the quantitative information about size distribution, proceeding from frequency behavior of a dynamic light scattering component. The resonant stimulation of droplets vibration causes increase of dynamic light scattering component amplitude. Besides, use of the modulated radiation results in synchronizing of droplets vibrations, that leads to the best detecting of a dynamic light scattering component in comparison with spontaneous vibrations of drops. The numerical modeling of dynamic light scattering on stimulated ponderomotive vibrations of polydispersed aerosol droplets is carried out. The direct task is solved and is shown, that frequency behavior of intensity of light scattering is sensitive to the changes of an initial size distribution. The solution of inverse problem allows us to restore particle size distribution with satisfactory accuracy. The analysis of solution stability has shown, that for droplets sizes lager 1 micrometer the restored size distribution is stable to small mistakes in frequency behavior of scattered light intensity.
The paper is devoted to the problem of derivation of optimum conditions for the development of stimulated light scattering (SLS) processes in spherical micron-sized particles. The equation for threshold pumping intensity in the case of realization in a particle the conditions of a double SLS resonance for incident and scattered waves was obtained. The coefficient of spatial field overlapping Bc((omega) L, (omega) S) was introduced. The coefficient Bc((omega) L, (omega) S) is shown to be approximately one order of magnitude higher when the mode order of input and output resonances are equal, then when they are different. The main factor determining the value of Bc((omega) L, (omega) S) is the FWHM of excited modes.
The possibility of the describing of electromagnetic eigenmodes (WGM) or a spherical particle by geometrical optics is shown. The estimations of surface deformations influence on a quality-factor (Q-factor) or resonant eigenmodes are carried out. The selection of resonant electromagnetic modes of the particle caused by surface deformations is shown. In ideal sphere the question on a competition of resonant modes will be decided always for the benefit of high quality electromagnetic modes usually be of low orders. But if the surface of a liquid particle is deformed when the advantage become higher order modes, which posses smaller values of Q-factor, but more resistant to deformations of particle surface.
We analyze here the influence of multi-mode excitation of stimulated light scattering (SLS) in the spherical particle on the angular intensity distribution in the far-field zone. It is shown that at multi-mode excitation of SLS the scattering diagram becomes asymmetric, unlike the case, when process is realized on single resonant mode of a particle. Degree of its asymmetry significantly depends on combinations of modes excited in the particle that brings either to a significant increase of the intensity of backscattered wave, or to its weakening in the given direction. The comparison with angular intensity distribution at elastic scattering is made.
Spherical dielectric microdroplets are known to be high- quality optical microcavities due to the existence of the quasinormal electromagnetic eigenmodes, usually referred to as morphology-dependent resonances (MDR's). These modes are the subject of considerable interest owing to their significant influence on such optical nonlinear scattering effects, as SRS, SBS, lasing. The resonant properties of a microcavity strongly depend on its shape. It was experimentally established that the distortions of droplet shape cause extra-leakage of MDR's-photons through droplet surface bulges, and hence, the spoiling of its Q-factor. The shape deformation can be simply caused by thermal fluctuations of liquid, or induced by a laser pulse due to ponderomotive effect, and have been observed in several experiments. The main purpose of the paper is theoretical investigation of the ponderomotive deformations of spherical droplets and their influence on radiative energy balance of MDR's. The task is considered on the basis of first-order perturbation approach to the boundary problem of oscillations of dielectric sphere in the electromagnetic field. The numerical simulations have confirmed experimentally observed fact that when the train of picosecond laser pulses is acting on the droplet the maximal surface displacement occur in the region of the so-called Descartes ring on the droplet shadow hemisphere. The radiative energy extra-losses in this region are caused by surface bulge, are proportional to its amplitude and lead to a decrease of the cavity Q-factor.
We have studied theoretically the problem on the resonance excitation of surface oscillation of the transparent liquid weakly viscous particles of arbitrary size under the modulated laser irradiation. The dependence of the droplet surface deformation amplitude on the radiation modulation frequency was determined for different values of the particle radius. The characteristics of induced oscillation of particles at their resonance excitation were investigated. The increase of the resonance characteristic width of surface oscillation was observed with the particle size decrease and with growth of liquid viscosity as well. The problem of light scattering on oscillating liquid particles was numerically studied. The greatest modulation of scattered light is shown to occur in the directions normal to the incident radiation, as well as in the direction of primary rainbow.
The physical basis of four basic nonlinear stimulated scattering processes in transparent droplets (SRS, SBS, lasing, scattering on droplet surface vibrations) caused by intensive pumping radiation is considered. The vector Maxwell equations, where the nonlinear polarization is the source for nonlinear harmonics origin, are used as a starting point for theoretical analysis of stimulated processes in a droplet. The solution of this system of equations is written in the form of series through droplet resonance eigenmodes. The main attraction is devoted to the energetic thresholds and angular characteristics of nonlinear scattering processes to be considered. The threshold values of the stimulated scattering in droplets are evaluated depending on the droplets radius. The paper presents the results of theoretical investigations of the task on droplet surface deformations and vibrations under the pressure of the ponderomotive forces caused by intensive laser field also. It is pointed out that for small particles (less or compared to laser radiation wavelength) the surface deformations are initated in perpendicular direction to laser beam axis, while large droplets begin to vibrate along the laser beam. This fact is the consequence of the inhomogenouty of internal electromagnetic field distribution in large droplets, that can lead to strong local surface deformations and even droplet destruction. The induced surface deformations cause the intensive nonlinear scattering of pumping electromagnetic field at the Raman frequency. The angular characteristics of this scattering are considered.
The propagation of pulsed laser radiation along the atmospheric ground paths containing droplet aerosols (fog, drizzle, rain) belongs to a class of problem in nonlinear optics in which the multiple-factor nature and nonadditivity of the processes affecting the transmission of the radiation channel are strongly pronounced. The interaction of the radiation with the medium along the propagation path strongly depends on the type and microphysical properties of the specific meteorological formation as well as on the energy parameters of the beam, the structure of the beam, the temporal regime, and the conditions of focusing. The purpose of this work is to analyze the affect of these factors on the optical characteristics of the channel (the integral transmission) under conditions of explosive vaporization of droplet media.
The physical basis of SRS process in transparent droplets caused by intensive pumping radiation is considered. The vector Maxwell equations, where the nonlinear polarization is the source for Stokes field origin, are used as a starting point for theoretical analysis of SRS process in a droplet. In stationary case the expression for SRS threshold intensity is obtained. The values of the energy threshold of the SRS generation in droplets are evaluated depending on the droplets radius. The results of theoretical investigations of spatial structure of SRS field far from the droplet are represented also. The angular distribution of SRS is noted to be more homogeneous than elastic scattering diagram, what is connected with the absence of refracted on particle profile field component at Stokes frequency. In opposition to elastic scattering the angular SRS structure is practically symmetric with approximate period of pi/2. The results obtained are compared with the available experimental data.
The primary goal of the paper is the use of acoustic measurements to investigate the interaction of intense laser radiation with liquid in the dispersed state. It is well known that the formulation and solution of such problems involve optoacoustics, describing, in this case, acoustic waves generated in the liquid as a result of thermal or striction effects of laser radiation. In this investigation, we use acoustic measurements to determine either the absorption of the substance (optoacoustic spectroscopy) or the spatial radiation structure (optoacoustic tomography). Moreover, the authors have used acoustic measurements to obtain the thresholds of phase transitions in liquid aerosols. The latter result provides important information needed in experimental optical studies of aerosols.
The propagation of high-intensive laser beams through aerosol atmosphere remains an attractive concept for a number of aviation and military application. A large set of aerosol nonlinear- optical effects accompanies the propagation of radiation in the atmosphere. Some of them, so-called nonlinear thermal effects, predominate, as a rule, in well absorbing aerosol; the other, nonlinear resonant effects take place in low absorbing particles. Some knowledge of the nature and mechanisms of radiation interaction with aerosol particles are necessary for understanding the processes of laser energy transmission through disperse media. Below are basic results of our long-term experimental and theoretical investigations of the process of intensive CO2-laser radiation propagation along the atmospheric ground paths containing hydrometeors as well, as recent results on laser interaction with stratospheric aerosols and the process of SRS generation in transparent droplets.
The propagation of pulsed laser radiation along the atmospheric ground paths containing droplet aerosols (fog, drizzle, rain) belongs to a class of problems in nonlinear optics in which the multiple-factor nature and nonadditivity of the processes affecting the transmission of the radiation channel are strongly pronounced. The interaction of the radiation with the medium along the propagation path strongly depends on the type and microphysical properties of the specific meteorological formation as well as on the energy parameters of the beam, the structure of the beam, the temporal regime, and the conditions of focusing. The purpose of this work is to analyze the affect of these factors on the optical characteristics of the channel (the integral transmission) under conditions of explosive vaporization of droplet media.
The water coating of the smoke soles, which takes place in the humid atmosphere, is one of the main factors reducing the precision of the lidar measurements of smoke plumes. The current paper presents the results of theoretical investigations of the process of water shell growth on the smoke particles. These investigations were conducted on the basis of a Gaussian model of smoke plumes (that takes into account the sedimentation of the coated particles during the plume diffusion) at various meteorological conditions and plume parameters. The numerical calculations show that when the plume is initially very humid, a zone with supersaturated water vapor and extremely high moistening of the particles appears near the smoke source. The process of water coating is essentially influenced also by the seasonal and diurnal variations of the temperature and humidity in the surface layer of the atmosphere. The degree of water coating of the particles is established to be maximal in winter at night and slow wind. The paper also presents some calculation of the optical properties of smoke particles.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print format on
SPIE.org.