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The papers included in this volume were part of the technical conference cited on the cover and title page. Papers were selected and subject to review by the editors and conference program committee. Some conference presentations may not be available for publication. The papers published in these proceedings reflect the work and thoughts of the authors and are published herein as submitted. The publishers are not responsible for the validity of the information or for any outcomes resulting from reliance thereon. Please use the following format to cite material from this book: Author(s), “Title of Paper,” in Stereoscopic Displays and Applications XXV, edited by Andrew J. Woods, Nicolas S. Holliman, Gregg E. Favalora, Proceedings of SPIE-IS&T Electronic Imaging, SPIE Vol. 9011, Article CID Number (2014) ISSN: 0277-786X ISBN: 9780819499288 Copublished by SPIE P.O. Box 10, Bellingham, Washington 98227-0010 USA Telephone +1 360 676 3290 (Pacific Time) · Fax +1 360 647 1445 and IS&T—The Society for Imaging Science and Technology 7003 Kilworth Lane, Springfield, Virginia, 22151 USA Telephone +1 703 642 9090 (Eastern Time)-Fax +1 703 642 9094 Copyright © 2014, Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers and The Society for Imaging Science and Technology. Copying of material in this book for internal or personal use, or for the internal or personal use of specific clients, beyond the fair use provisions granted by the U.S. Copyright Law is authorized by the publishers subject to payment of copying fees. The Transactional Reporting Service base fee for this volume is $18.00 per article (or portion thereof), which should be paid directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. Payment may also be made electronically through CCC Online at copyright.com. Other copying for republication, resale, advertising or promotion, or any form of systematic or multiple reproduction of any material in this book is prohibited except with permission in writing from the publisher. The CCC fee code is 0277-786X/14/$18.00. Printed in the United States of America. Paper Numbering: Proceedings of SPIE follow an e-First publication model, with papers published first online and then in print and on CD-ROM. Papers are published as they are submitted and meet publication criteria. A unique, consistent, permanent citation identifier (CID) number is assigned to each article at the time of the first publication. Utilization of CIDs allows articles to be fully citable as soon as they are published online, and connects the same identifier to all online, print, and electronic versions of the publication. SPIE uses a six-digit CID article numbering system in which:
The CID Number appears on each page of the manuscript. The complete citation is used on the first page, and an abbreviated version on subsequent pages. Numbers in the index correspond to the last two digits of the six-digit CID Number. Conference CommitteeSymposium Chair Symposium Co-chair Conference Chairs
Program Committee
Session Chairs
IntroductionThe 2014 Stereoscopic Displays and Applications (SD&A) conference was the 25th in the series, marking a quarter-century over which the conference has developed into the premier venue for the dissemination of research on stereoscopic displays and their applications. SD&A attracts key players in the field: stereoscopic experts from industry and academia presented the two keynotes, participated on the discussion panel, and spoke in the technical presentations. The conference had an excellent technical program covering a wide range of stereoscopic topics. This year the conference received 94 paper submissions. Of these, 49 were accepted for oral presentation (52%), with an additional 28 papers accepted as posters (30%). This conference proceedings volume contains the technical papers in support of both the presentations and posters given at the conference. This introduction gives an overview of the conference—a reminder for those who attended and an insight into what happened for those who were unable to attend. SD&A took place 3–5 February 2014 as part of the 2014 IS&T/SPIE Electronic Imaging: Science and Technology Symposium, at the Hilton San Francisco Union Square Hotel, in downtown San Francisco. The first day had seven technical sessions, running in two parallel rooms. Topics covered applications, autostereoscopic displays, quality, depth maps, human factors and 3D systems. The day also included the first of the two keynotes, the two-hour 3D theatre, and the twenty-fifth anniversary conference banquet. The first keynote presentation was given by Jeff Joseph, producer of the three World 3D Film Expos in 2003, 2006, and 2013. Across those three Expos, Jeff had been able to screen 43 of the 50 motion pictures made during the Golden Age of 3D motion pictures, in the early 1950s. Jeff gave an overview of the Golden Age movies and explained the various problems that make it impossible to screen the remaining seven, including movies where there is incomplete footage in one eye, and movies where footage does not exist at all. Jeff had interesting (and unusual) stories to tell of how he helped locate and recover several early 3D movies. After his overview, Jeff showed and commented on a 30-minute reel of 3D footage from much earlier in the history of 3D, including the earliest extant 3D footage from the 1920s. The two-hour 3D Theatre Session is a regular highlight event that showcases 3D content from around the world. This year, the following forty-two pieces (or segments thereof) were screened:
All entries were screened in high-quality polarized 3D on the conference’s large projection screen. The Best of Show awards were judged by Bernard Mendiburu (author of “3D Movie Making” and the follow-up “3D TV and 3D Cinema” books), Julian Flack (Dynamic Digital Depth - DDD) and Lenny Lipton (Leonardo IP). Content contributors self-selected whether they wished their entry to be included in the competition - indicated by (†) in the list above. The judges chose the following 3D content winners as Best of Show:
The producers of the 2014 SD&A 3D Theater were John Stern (Intuitive Surgical Inc., retired), Chris Ward (Lightspeed Design, USA), and Andrew Woods (Curtin University, Australia). Additional support was provided by Dan Lawrence (Lightspeed Design). The 3D content partner for the session was 3D Content Hub (Germany and Australia) headed by Torsten Hoffman. The evening concluded with the twenty-fifth anniversary conference dinner at Kuleto’s Italian Restaurant on Powell Street, a block from the conference hotel. The longest-serving of the three conference chairs, Andrew Woods, was unexpectedly unable to attend SD&A this year, however, he was able to join the dinner group by video conference. Over the course of dinner, Andrew presented a slide show of photos of committee members over the twenty-five years of the conference (all available at www.stereoscopic.org), and presented a citation analysis and summary of the most cited papers presented at SD&A. The top ten most-cited papers from the 25-year history of SD&A (using data harvested from Google Scholar) are:
The second day of the conference had three technical sessions on stereoscopic panoramas, 3D imaging, and human factors. The day also included the second SD&A keynote, the demonstration session and the poster session. The full papers from both the technical sessions and the poster session are all contained in this volume. The second keynote presentation was presented by Gordon Wetzstein, Research Scientist in the Camera Culture Group at the MIT Media Lab. He described a range of glasses-free 3D displays based around the concept of “compressive displays”, where optical fabrication, computational processing and perceptual tricks combine to produce the 3D illusion. The final event of the day was the ever-popular Demonstration Session, which has run every year since 1990. Since 2006, this has been a symposium-wide event, open to demonstrators from all of the Electronic Imaging conferences. It was pleasing to see a wide range of demonstrations and to see a large audience actively engaging with the various displays and vendors. The buzz in the demonstration session was excellent. This year the following 3D hardware and 3D software products were on show at the demonstration session:
A prize was awarded for the best 3D demonstration at the session. The judging panel was Neil Dodgson, Gregg Favalora and Mike Weissman. The prize was awarded to zSpace as the best demonstration associated with an SD&A paper. An extensive photo montage of the demonstration session and exhibits from this year’s SD&A conference will be available on the conference website: The third day of the SD&A conference had the popular discussion forum and three technical sessions on digital imaging for autostereoscopy, autostereoscopic displays, and optical elements for 3D systems. The evening concluded with the Electronic Imaging symposium reception. The discussion forum considered 3D in Entertainment: A Time of Transition. The panel comprised Lenny Lipton (Leonardo IP, moderator), Davis S. Cohen (Variety), Barry Sandrew (Legend3D Inc.), and Chris Ward (Lightspeed Design Group). Video recording was made of most sessions in the main SD&A conference hall, including the keynotes and panel. Editing is underway and the content will be available online via the SD&A conference website. In addition to the prizes for the theatre and demonstrations, a final prize was offered at the conference for the best use of the stereoscopic projection tools during the technical presentations. The winner, chosen by the SD&A conference chairs, was:
The prizes this year were copies “Stereoscopic Displays and Applications 1990-2009: A Complete 20-Year Retrospective and The Engineering Reality of Virtual Reality 1994-2009 (Special Collection) (DVD-ROM)” (ISBN: 9780819476593), published by SPIE in 2010. The prizes were kindly donated by SPIE Press. Congratulations to all our prize-winners in the 3D Theatre, demonstration session, and technical presentation categories. To celebrate the 25th anniversary, the conference committee organized the SD&A Magical Mystery 3D Bus Tour on the day after the conference. About 35 delegates took part, visiting Intuitive Surgical and NVIDIA Corporation in the midst of Silicon Valley. We thank Dave Cook, Ned Finkle, Michael McSorely, Joe Grover, and Dan Merritt from NVIDIA, and Aaron Carrano from Intuitive Surgical for running the tours at the respective locations. The tour was organized by John Stern and Andrew Woods, with assistance from the staff at IS&T. Many individuals and companies contributed in various ways to the success of this year’s SD&A conference:
Conference activities do not stop at the end of the annual meeting. The SD&A conference website and LinkedIn group provide a focus for conference activities during the time between conferences. We will soon be actively seeking abstracts for the 2015 conference, with a deadline in June 2014 – see the website for details and deadlines. You can join the SD&A LinkedIn group to receive conference announcements. The website has an extensive collection of photographs highlighting the activities of past conferences. In addition the website hosts the stereoscopic virtual library, which contains several historically important books that have been digitized, in full, into PDF format, and are available for free download. The SD&A conference runs an active LinkedIn group which is available at: www.linkedin.com/groups?gid=1945944 You can visit the conference website to gain an understanding of the past, present, and future of stereoscopic imaging. Please think now about submitting a paper or attending next year’s conference. The Stereoscopic Displays and Applications conference website is at: Next year, the 26th annual SD&A conference will be held during the period 8–12 February 2015, at the Hilton San Francisco Union Square Hotel in downtown San Francisco, as part of the 2015 IS&T/SPIE Electronic Imaging: Science & Technology Symposium. The 2015 SD&A conference will continue a tradition of presenting and demonstrating the latest technologies relevant to stereoscopic displays and applications. Please consider attending, presenting, or demonstrating at the 2015 event. We hope to see you there! Andrew J. Woods Nicolas S. Holliman Gregg E. Favalora (Additional editorial: Neil A. Dodgson)
Special Presentations from the Journal of Electronic ImagingIn addition to the usual conference presentations, the Stereoscopic Displays and Applications XXV conference included a “Focal Track” of peer-reviewed papers that have been published in a special section of the Journal of Electronic Imaging. As well as being included in this proceedings volume, the JEI articles can also be found on the SPIE Digital Library at the following locations: S. Ishizuka, T. Mukai, H. Kakeya,
“Viewing zone of autostereoscopic display with directional backlight using convex lens array,”
J. Electron. Imag, 23
(1), 011002
(2014) http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.JEI.23.1.011002 Google Scholar
S. Lee, Y. J. Jung, H. Sohn, Y. M. Ro,
“Experimental investigation of discomfort combination: towards visual discomfort prediction for stereoscopic videos,”
J J. Electron. Imag, 23
(1), 011003
(2014) http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.JEI.23.1.011003 Google Scholar
L. E. Gurrieri, E. Dubois,
“Depth consistency and vertical disparities in stereoscopic panoramas,”
J. Electron. Imag, 23
(1), 011004
(2014) http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.JEI.23.1.011004 Google Scholar
A. Jones, K. Nagano, J. Liu, J. Busch, X. Yu, M. Bolas, P. Debevec,
“Interpolating vertical parallax for an autostereoscopic three-dimensional projector array,”
J. Electron. Imag, 23
(1), 011005
(2014) http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.JEI.23.1.011005 Google Scholar
M. Kytö, A. Mäkinen, T. Tossavainen, P. Oittinen,
“Stereoscopic depth perception in video see-through augmented reality within action space,”
J. Electron. Imag, 23
(1), 011006
(2014) http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.JEI.23.1.011006 Google Scholar
B. Sommer, C. Bender, T. Hoppe, C. Gamroth, L. Jelonek,
“Stereoscopic cell visualization: from mesoscopic to molecular scale,”
J. Electron. Imag, 23
(1), 011007
(2014) http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.JEI.23.1.011007 Google Scholar
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