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Introduction to the SeriesIn 2004, SPIE launched a new book series under the editorship of Prof. John Greivenkamp, the SPIE Field Guides, focused on SPIE’s core areas of Optics and Photonics. The idea of these Field Guides is to give concise presentations of the key subtopics of a subject area or discipline, typically covering each subtopic on a single page, using the figures, equations, and brief explanations that summarize the key concepts. The aim is to give readers a handy desk or portable reference that provides basic, essential information about principles, techniques, or phenomena, including definitions and descriptions, key equations, illustrations, application examples, design considerations, and additional resources. The series has grown to an extensive collection that covers a range of topics from broad fundamental ones to more specialized areas. Community response to the SPIE Field Guides has been exceptional. The concise and easy-to-use format has made these small-format, spiral-bound books essential references for students and researchers. Many readers tell us that they take their favorite Field Guide with them wherever they go. The popularity of the Field Guides led to the expansion of the series into areas of general physics in 2019, with the launch of the sister series of Field Guides to General Physics. The core series continues as the SPIE Field Guides to Optical Sciences and Technologies. The concept of these Field Guides is a format-intensive presentation based on figures and equations supplemented by concise explanations. In most cases, this modular approach places a single topic on a page and provides full coverage of that topic on that page. Highlights, insights, and rules of thumb are displayed in sidebars to the main text. The appendices at the end of each Field Guide provide additional information such as related material outside the main scope of the volume, key mathematical relationships, and alternative methods. While complete in their coverage, the concise presentation may be best as a supplement to traditional texts for those new to the field. The SPIE Field Guides are intended to be living documents. The modular page-based presentation format allows them to be updated and expanded. In the future, we will look to expand the use of interactive electronic resources to supplement the printed material. We are interested in your suggestions for new Field Guide topics as well as what material should be added to an individual volume to make these Field Guides more useful to you. Please contact us at fieldguides@SPIE.org. J. Scott Tyo, Series Editor The University of New South Wales Canberra, Australia Related Titles from SPIE PressKeep information at your fingertips with these other SPIE Field Guides:
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Table of ContentsField Guide to Solar OpticsThe Field Guide to Solar Optics consolidates and summarizes optical topics in solar technologies and engineering that are dispersed throughout literature. It also attempts to clarify topics and terms that could be confusing or at times misused. As with any technology area, optics related to solar technologies can be a wide-ranging field. The topics selected for this field guide are those frequently encountered in solar engineering and research for energy harvesting, particularly for electricity generation. Therefore, the selected topics are slanted toward solar thermal power, or as it is commonly called, concentrating solar power. The first section provides background on energy needs and usage, and explains where solar technologies fit into the energy mix. Section 2 covers properties of the sun and presents our basic understanding of solar energy collection. The third section introduces optical properties, concepts, and basic components. In Section 4, the various optical systems used in solar engineering are described. Optical systems used for solar energy collection are commonly referred to as collectors (e.g., a collector field)—a term that is frequently used in this field guide. Another term commonly applied in solar collectors is nonimaging optics. The fifth section introduces concepts for characterizing optical components/systems and analysis approaches. Lastly, the measurement tools commonly used in solar engineering and research are described in Section 6. The fundamentals of each topic are covered. Providing methods or approaches to designs was not the goal of this field guide. However, the fundamental understanding that can be gained from the book can be extended and used for design of components and systems. Julius Yellowhair June 2020 Glossary of Symbols and Notationaperture diameter area AOD aerosol optical depth projected area AU astronomical unit back focal distance BCS beam characterization system speed of light first radiation constant in Planck’s function second radiation constant in Planck’s function center of curvature concentration CCD charge-coupled device maximum concentration ratio CPC compound parabolic concentrator geometrical concentration ratio optical concentration ratio CSP concentrating solar power CSR circumsolar ratio earth-to-sun distance distance or diameter DNI direct normal irradiance radiation (light) energy solar direct normal irradiance solar irradiance solar spectral irradiance focal length focal point irradiance profile using Hermite polynomials view factor G2 Star class second brightest GHI global horizontal irradiance GTI global tilted irradiance hour Planck’s constant heliostat tracking error operator Hermite polynomials HPE Hermite polynomial expansion HTF heat transfer fluid incident ray radiant intensity Lambertian surface intensity k Boltzmann’s constant length radiance LCOE levelized cost of energy/electricity radiant exitance spectral radiant exitance day of the year (1 to 365) index of refraction of optical material surface normal vector N north direction probability density function power PV photovoltaic radiant energy radius of curvature sun mean radius reflected ray slant range earth-to-sun distance RMS root mean square optical ray path sun direction unit vector SCA solar collector assembly SCM solar collector module SM solar multiple ster steradian transmitted ray solar time temperature TES thermal energy storage TMY typical meteorological year uλ spectral energy density V dwarf star designation absorptance sun altitude angle reflected beam angle spread sun azimuth angle intercept factor declination angle bolt thread count heliostat tracking errors directional emittance hemispherical emittance efficiency insolation weighted efficiency atmospheric attenuation efficiency heliostat blocking efficiency cosine efficiency collector field efficiency optical efficiency reflectance (soiling) efficiency heliostat shading efficiency projection angle Brewster’s angle critical angle angle of incidence angle of reflection sun half angle angle of transmission radiation (light) wavelength peak wavelength (Wien’s displacement law) radiation (light) frequency pi reflectivity in and light polarizations , total reflectance directional reflectance mirror slope error, specularity optical error Stefan–Boltzmann constant transmissivity in and light polarizations , total transmittance camera pixel phase angle sun latitude angle concentrator rim angle sun subtended angle sunshape local material phase radiant power or flux circumsolar ratio ground cover ratio sun hour angle solid angle |
CITATIONS
Solar energy
Atmospheric optics
Geometrical optics
Mirrors
Off axis mirrors
Radio optics
Error analysis