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Front Matter
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Abstract
This section contains the title page, introduction to the series, list of related titles, table of contents, preface, and glossary of symbols and notation.

Introduction to the Series

In 2004, SPIE launched a new book series under the editorship of Prof. John Greivenkamp, the SPIE Field Guides, focused on SPIE’s core areas of Optics and Photonics. The idea of these Field Guides is to give concise presentations of the key subtopics of a subject area or discipline, typically covering each subtopic on a single page, using the figures, equations, and brief explanations that summarize the key concepts. The aim is to give readers a handy desk or portable reference that provides basic, essential information about principles, techniques, or phenomena, including definitions and descriptions, key equations, illustrations, application examples, design considerations, and additional resources.

The series has grown to an extensive collection that covers a range of topics from broad fundamental ones to more specialized areas. Community response to the SPIE Field Guides has been exceptional. The concise and easy-to-use format has made these small-format, spiral-bound books essential references for students and researchers. Many readers tell us that they take their favorite Field Guide with them wherever they go. The popularity of the Field Guides led to the expansion of the series into areas of general physics in 2019, with the launch of the sister series of Field Guides to General Physics.

The core series continues as the SPIE Field Guides to Optical Sciences and Technologies. The concept of these Field Guides is a format-intensive presentation based on figures and equations supplemented by concise explanations. In most cases, this modular approach places a single topic on a page and provides full coverage of that topic on that page. Highlights, insights, and rules of thumb are displayed in sidebars to the main text. The appendices at the end of each Field Guide provide additional information such as related material outside the main scope of the volume, key mathematical relationships, and alternative methods. While complete in their coverage, the concise presentation may be best as a supplement to traditional texts for those new to the field.

The SPIE Field Guides are intended to be living documents. The modular page-based presentation format allows them to be updated and expanded. In the future, we will look to expand the use of interactive electronic resources to supplement the printed material. We are interested in your suggestions for new Field Guide topics as well as what material should be added to an individual volume to make these Field Guides more useful to you. Please contact us at fieldguides@SPIE.org.

J. Scott Tyo, Series Editor

The University of New South Wales

Canberra, Australia

Related Titles from SPIE Press

Keep information at your fingertips with these other SPIE Field Guides:
  • Atmospheric Optics, Second Edition, Larry C. Andrews (Vol. FG41)

  • Nonlinear Optics, Peter E. Powers (Vol. FG29)

  • Optomechanical Design and Analysis, Katie Schwertz and Jim Burge (Vol. FG26)

  • Physical Optics, Daniel G. Smith (Vol. FG17)

  • Radiometry, Barbara G. Grant (Vol. FG23)

Other related titles:
  • Energy Harvesting for Low-Power Autonomous Devices and Systems, Jahangir Rastegar and Harbans S. Dhadwal (Vol. TT108)

  • Polymer Photovoltaics: A Practical Approach, Frederik C. Krebs (Vol. PM175)

  • Power Harvesting via Smart Materials, Ashok K. Batra and Almuatasim Alomari (Vol. PM277)

  • Solar Energy Harvesting: How to Generate Thermal and Electric Power Simultaneously, Todd P. Otanicar and Drew DeJarnette (Vol. SL21)

  • The Art of Radiometry, James M. Palmer and Barbara G. Grant (Vol. PM184)

Table of Contents

Field Guide to Solar Optics

The Field Guide to Solar Optics consolidates and summarizes optical topics in solar technologies and engineering that are dispersed throughout literature. It also attempts to clarify topics and terms that could be confusing or at times misused.

As with any technology area, optics related to solar technologies can be a wide-ranging field. The topics selected for this field guide are those frequently encountered in solar engineering and research for energy harvesting, particularly for electricity generation. Therefore, the selected topics are slanted toward solar thermal power, or as it is commonly called, concentrating solar power.

The first section provides background on energy needs and usage, and explains where solar technologies fit into the energy mix. Section 2 covers properties of the sun and presents our basic understanding of solar energy collection. The third section introduces optical properties, concepts, and basic components. In Section 4, the various optical systems used in solar engineering are described. Optical systems used for solar energy collection are commonly referred to as collectors (e.g., a collector field)—a term that is frequently used in this field guide. Another term commonly applied in solar collectors is nonimaging optics. The fifth section introduces concepts for characterizing optical components/systems and analysis approaches. Lastly, the measurement tools commonly used in solar engineering and research are described in Section 6.

The fundamentals of each topic are covered. Providing methods or approaches to designs was not the goal of this field guide. However, the fundamental understanding that can be gained from the book can be extended and used for design of components and systems.

Julius Yellowhair

June 2020

Glossary of Symbols and Notation

a

aperture diameter

A

area

AOD

aerosol optical depth

Ap

projected area

AU

astronomical unit

B

back focal distance

BCS

beam characterization system

c

speed of light

c1

first radiation constant in Planck’s function

c2

second radiation constant in Planck’s function

C

center of curvature

C

concentration

CCD

charge-coupled device

Cmax

maximum concentration ratio

CPC

compound parabolic concentrator

CRg

geometrical concentration ratio

CRo

optical concentration ratio

CSP

concentrating solar power

CSR

circumsolar ratio

d

earth-to-sun distance

D

distance or diameter

DNI

direct normal irradiance

E

radiation (light) energy

EDNI

solar direct normal irradiance

Esun

solar irradiance

Eλ,sun

solar spectral irradiance

f

focal length

F

focal point

F(x,y)

irradiance profile using Hermite polynomials

F12

view factor

G2

Star class second brightest

GHI

global horizontal irradiance

GTI

global tilted irradiance

h

hour

h

Planck’s constant

H

heliostat tracking error operator

Hn(x)

Hermite polynomials

HPE

Hermite polynomial expansion

HTF

heat transfer fluid

ιˆ

incident ray

I

radiant intensity

Iθ

Lambertian surface intensity

k

Boltzmann’s constant

L,l

length

L

radiance

LCOE

levelized cost of energy/electricity

M

radiant exitance

Mλ

spectral radiant exitance

n

day of the year (1 to 365)

ni

index of refraction of optical material

nˆ

surface normal vector

N

north direction

p

probability density function

P

power

PV

photovoltaic

Qe

radiant energy

r,R

radius of curvature

rsun

sun mean radius

rˆ

reflected ray

R

slant range

R

earth-to-sun distance

RMS

root mean square

S

optical ray path

Sˆ

sun direction unit vector

SCA

solar collector assembly

SCM

solar collector module

SM

solar multiple

ster

steradian

tˆ

transmitted ray

ts

solar time

T

temperature

TES

thermal energy storage

TMY

typical meteorological year

uλ

spectral energy density

V

dwarf star designation

α

absorptance

α

sun altitude angle

β

reflected beam angle spread

γ

sun azimuth angle

γ

intercept factor

δ

declination angle

ε

bolt thread count

ε

heliostat tracking errors

εd

directional emittance

εH

hemispherical emittance

η

efficiency

ηE

insolation weighted efficiency

ηatm

atmospheric attenuation efficiency

ηblock

heliostat blocking efficiency

ηcosine

cosine efficiency

ηfield

collector field efficiency

ηoptical

optical efficiency

ηreflect

reflectance (soiling) efficiency

ηshade

heliostat shading efficiency

θ

projection angle

θB

Brewster’s angle

θc

critical angle

θi

angle of incidence

θr

angle of reflection

θs

sun half angle

θt

angle of transmission

λ

radiation (light) wavelength

λpeak

peak wavelength (Wien’s displacement law)

ν

radiation (light) frequency

π

pi

ρs,p

reflectivity in s and p light polarizations

ρ, ρt

total reflectance

ρd

directional reflectance

σ

mirror slope error, specularity

σ

optical error

σ

Stefan–Boltzmann constant

τs,p

transmissivity in s and p light polarizations

τ, τt

total transmittance

φ

camera pixel phase angle

φ

sun latitude angle

φr

concentrator rim angle

φs

sun subtended angle

φ(θ)

sunshape

ϕ(r)

local material phase

Φ

radiant power or flux

χ

circumsolar ratio

ψ

ground cover ratio

ω

sun hour angle

ωs

solid angle

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KEYWORDS
Solar energy

Atmospheric optics

Geometrical optics

Mirrors

Off axis mirrors

Radio optics

Error analysis

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