Atmospheric Modeling Using PcModWin©/MODTRAN®

Author(s): Larry B. Stotts, John Schroeder

Published: 2019

PDF ISBN: 9781510628069 | Print ISBN: 9781510628052

DESCRIPTION

MODTRAN^® is a powerful program capable of describing atmospheric absorption, scattering, and emission paths, but it has a complicated computer-card input structure; a custom user interface, PcModWin^©, was introduced to minimize setup and error-mitigation issues. The instruction manuals for these programs provide over 80 test cases, which are instructive for intermediate to advanced users but do not provide detailed explanations. This book is intended to help beginners learn how to perform analysis using MODTRAN/PcModWin by exploiting these test cases. Specifically, many of the cases are used to illustrate how to navigate the PcModWin menus to solve the given problems. The book also provides the underlying mathematics and atmospheric physics incorporated into MODTRAN.

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Front Matter

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CHAPTER 1.

MODTRAN^® Modeling Capability

Chapter Outline +

1.1 Introduction
1.2 A Short History
1.3 New User Interface
1.4 General Calculation Details
1.5 Definition of Transmittance and Radiance Models
1.5.1 VSWIR modeling
1.5.2 MWIR–LWIR modeling
1.5.3 Maritime remote-sensing modeling
1.6 Spherical Refractive Geometry
1.6.1 General problem
1.6.2 Uniform path
1.6.3 MODTRAN geometry: slant path
1.7 Selecting Atmospheric Properties
1.7.1 More on aerosol characterization
1.7.2 Available aerosol models
1.7.3 Clouds
1.7.4 Fog
1.7.5 Aerosol angular scattering functions
1.8 The NOVAM Aerosol Model
1.9 DISORT Option
1.10 LBL Radiative Transfer Option
References

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CHAPTER 2.

Background Material

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2.1 Introduction
2.2 Radiometric Parameters
2.2.1 Radiant flux (radiant power)
2.2.2 Radiant intensity
2.2.3 Radiance
2.2.4 Radiant flux density (irradiance and radiant exitance)
2.2.5 Bidirectional reflectance distribution function
2.2.6 Directional hemispheric reflectance
2.2.7 Specular surfaces
2.2.8 Lambertian surfaces and albedo
2.3 Blackbody Radiation Sources
2.4 Mie Scattering Theory
2.5 Atmospheric Transmittance and Scattering
2.6 Essential Concepts in Radiative Transfer
2.6.1 First-order RTE solution
2.6.2 Radiative transfer equation for a single, homogeneous particulate layer
2.6.3 Radiative transfer equation for multiple, homogeneous particulate layers
References

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CHAPTER 3.

Getting Started: Transmittance Calculations

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3.1 Introduction
3.2 Light Transmission in the Atmosphere
3.2.1 Molecular absorption
3.2.2 Molecular scattering
3.2.3 Aerosol extinction
3.2.4 Atmospheric transmission
3.3 Effects of Wavenumber Resolution on Atmospheric Transmittance Representation
3.4 Example Calculation Procedure
3.5 MODTRAN Test Cases
3.6 Calculating Spectral Transmittance: 1500-m Ground Test Case
3.7 Spectral Resolution Selection
3.8 Calculating Spectral Transmittance: New Model Atmosphere
3.8.1 Calculating spectral transmittance: CD2c3_USS.ltn test case
3.8.2 APLUS cards (flexible aerosol model)
3.8.3 Aerosol extinction profiles: MODTRAN input entries
3.8.4 NMA user-defined properties: AuxilSpecies.ltn test case
3.8.5 Ångström law
3.8.6 Relationship between the Ångström law and Koschmeider equation
3.8.7 Spectral transmittance: Ångström law
3.9 Spectral Transmittance: Navy Maritime Aerosol Model
3.10 Spectral Transmittance: NOVAM Aerosol Model
3.11 Long-Path Refraction/Surface Meteorological Range (Visibility)
3.12 Important Sensor-Related Functions in PcModWin/MODTRAN
3.12.1 Scanning function
3.12.2 MODTRAN filter function
References

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CHAPTER 4.

Getting Started: Atmospheric Spectral Radiance

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4.1 Introduction
4.2 Some General Comments on Solar and Lunar Calculations in MODTRAN
4.3 Plotting Options in MODTRAN
4.4 Calculating Spectra Transmittance and Radiance: “Radiance with Scattering” Test Case
4.5 Calculating Spectral Radiance: “Radiance with No Thermal Scattering” Test Case
4.6 Calculating Spectral Radiance: “Thermal Radiance Only” Test
4.7 Calculating Spectral Irradiance: Direct-Solar-Irradiance Test Case SolarIrrad.ltnExercises
4.7.1 Calculating spectral irradiance with modified solar data: SORCESun.ltn test case
4.7.2 Calculating spectral irradiance: SunDat.ltn test case
4.8 Calculating Spectral Radiance and Transmittance: AnLBLTemplate.ltn Test Case
4.9 Calculating Spectral Transmittance: lblThmNoMS1600wn_highres.ltn Test Case
4.10 Calculating Spectral Transmittance: VertStructAlg.ltn Test Case

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CHAPTER 5.

Multiple Scattering in MODTRAN^®

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5.1 Introduction
5.2 Correlated-k Distribution
5.2.1 k distribution method
5.2.2 Correlated-k distribution method
5.2.3 Correlated-k distribution method implementation in MODTRAN
5.3 Calculating Spectral Radiance: CorrelatedK.ltn Test Case
5.4 Calculating Transmittance and Spectral Radiance: SolarIsaacsCK.ltn Test Case
5.5 Calculating Spectral Radiance: SolarScaledCK.ltn Test Case
5.6 Multiple-Lines-of-Sight Option
5.6.1 CARD 3D for the DISORT algorithm
5.6.2 Calculating transmittance and spectral radiance: ElevAngMWIRthm.ltn test case
5.6.3 Calculating spectral radiance: lut01ASC.ltn test case
5.6.4 Calculating spectral radiance and transmittance: lut01thm.ltn test case
5.6.5 Calculating spectral radiance and transmittance: lut02thm.ltn test case
References

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CHAPTER 6.

Surface Reflectance in MODTRAN^®

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6.1 Introduction
6.2 Background
6.3 Spectral BRDF and Lambertian Options in MODTRAN
6.4 Spectral Lambertian and BRDF Options in PcModWin
6.5 Calculating Spectral Scattered Radiance: Lambertian.ltn Test Case
6.6 Calculating Spectral Scattered Radiance: MODIS.ltn Test Case
6.7 Calculating Spectral Scattered Radiance: BRDF.ltn Test Case
6.8 Calculating Spectral Scattered Radiance: seaBRDF*.ltn Test Cases
6.8.1 User-defined line of sight
6.8.2 Spectral aerosol profile
6.8.3 Compute segment radiance: DISORT
References

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CHAPTER 7.

Clouds and Fog in MODTRAN^®

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7.1 Introduction
7.2 Clouds and Fog Basics
7.3 Engineering Equations for Light Propagation through Clouds
7.4 PcModWin Cloud Settings for Aerosol- and Cloud-Type Selection
7.5 Calculating Transmittance and Spectral Radiance: UserDefinedCir.ltn Test Case
7.6 Calculating Transmittance and Spectral Radiance: UserDefinedCld.ltn Test Case
7.7 Calculating Transmittance and Spectral Radiance: CloudProfile.ltn Test Case
7.8 Calculating Transmittance and Spectral Radiance: CirrusProfile.ltn Test Case
7.9 PcModWin FOG Settings for Aerosol and Cloud Type Selection
7.10 Use of the Army Vertical Structure Algorithm with Aerosols and Clouds/Fog
References

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CHAPTER 8.

Special Topics

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8.1 Introduction
8.2 Using MODTRAN with Radiosonde Data
8.3 Multiple Plots
8.4 Key Focal Plane Array Metrics and PcModWin/MODTRAN
8.4.1 Electrical signal-to-noise ratio in optical systems analysis
8.4.2 Responsivity
8.4.3 Optical signal-to-noise ratio
8.4.4 Noise equivalent power
8.4.5 Normalized spectral detectivity
8.4.6 Noise equivalent temperature difference
8.5 Examples
8.5.1 Direct detection system
8.5.2 NETD example
8.5.3 Koschmeider equation versus MODTRAN
8.5.4 NETD example
References

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Back Matter

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