Fundamental Optical Design

Author(s): Michael J. Kidger

Published: 2001

PDF ISBN: 9780819478504 | Print ISBN: 9780819495990

DESCRIPTION

This book provides all the essential and best elements of Kidger's many courses taught worldwide on lens and optical design. It is written in a direct style that is compact, logical, and to the point--a tutorial in the best sense of the word.

"I read my copy late last year and read it straight through, cover to cover. In fact, I read it no less than three times. Its elegant expositions, valuable insights, and up-front espousal of pre-design theory make it an outstanding work. It's in the same league with Conrady and Kingslake."--Warren Smith

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Front Matter

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CHAPTER 1.

Geometrical Optics

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1.1 Coordinate system and notation
1.2 The rectilinear propagation of light
1.3 Snell’s law
1.4 Fermat’s principle
1.5 Rays and wavefronts - the theorem of Malus and Dupin
1.6 Stops and pupils
1.6.1 Marginal and chief rays
1.6.2 Entrance and exit pupils
1.6.3 Field stops
1.7 Surfaces
1.7.1 Spheres
1.7.2 Quadrics of revolution (paraboloids, ellipsoids, hyperboloids)
1.7.3 Oblate ellipsoid
1.7.4 The hyperbola
1.7.5 Axicon
References

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CHAPTER 2.

Paraxial Optics

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2.1 Paraxial rays
2.1.1 The sign convention
2.1.2 The paraxial region
2.2 The cardinal points
2.2.1 Principal points
2.2.2 Nodal points
2.3 Paraxial properties of a single surface
2.4 Paraxial ray tracing
2.4.1 Discussion of the use of paraxial ray trace equations
2.5 The Lagrange invariant
2.5.1 Transverse (lateral) magnification
2.5.2 Afocal systems and angular magnification
2.6 Newton’s conjugate distance equation
2.7 Further discussion of the cardinal points
2.7.1 The combination of two lenses
2.7.2 The thick lens
2.7.3 System of several elements
2.8 The refraction invariant, A
2.8.1 Other expressions for the Lagrange invariant
2.9 The eccentricity, E
2.9.1 The determination of E
References

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CHAPTER 3.

Ray Tracing

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3.1 Introduction
3.2 A simple trigonometric method of tracing meridian rays
3.3 The vector form of Snell’s law
3.3.1 Definition of direction cosines
3.4 Ray tracing (algebraic method)
3.4.1 Precision
3.5 Calculation of wavefront aberration (optical path difference)
3.6 Ray tracing through aspheric and toroidal surfaces
3.7 Decentered and tilted surfaces
3.8 Ray tracing at reflecting surfaces
References

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CHAPTER 4.

Aberrations

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4.1 The relationship between transverse and wavefront aberrations
4.2 Ray aberration plots
4.3 Spot diagrams
4.4 Aberrations of centered optical systems
4.4.1 First-order aberrations
4.4.2 The five monochromatic third-order (Seidel) aberrations
4.4.3 Higher-order aberrations
4.5 Modulation transfer function (MTF)
4.5.1 Theory
4.5.2 The geometrical approximation
4.5.3 Practical calculation
4.5.4 The diffraction limit
References

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CHAPTER 5.

Chromatic Aberration

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5.1 Variation of refractive index - dispersion
5.1.1 Longitudinal chromatic aberration (axial color) of a thin lens
5.1.2 The Abbe V-value
5.1.3 Secondary spectrum
5.1.4 Transverse chromatic aberration (lateral color)
5.2 The Conrady method for calculation of chromatic aberration
5.3 Chromatic variation of aberrations
References

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CHAPTER 6.

Seidel Aberrations

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6.1 Introduction
6.2 Seidel surface contributions
6.2.1 Spherical aberration
6.2.2 Off-axis Seidel aberrations
6.2.3 Alternative formula for distortion
6.2.4 Aberrations of a plano-convex singlet
6.2.5 First-order axial color and lateral color
6.2.6 Summary of the Seidel surface coefficients
6.2.7 A numerical example
6.3 Stop-shift effects
6.3.1 Derivation of the Seidel stop-shift equations
6.4 Dependence of the Seidel aberrations on surface curvature
6.5 The aplanatic surface
6.5.1 An example - the classical oil-immersion microscope objective
6.6 Zero Seidel conditions
6.7 “Undercorrected” and “overcorrected” aberrations
6.8 Seidel aberrations of spherical mirrors
6.9 Seidel aberration relationships
6.9.1 Wavefront aberrations
6.9.2 Transverse ray aberrations
6.9.3 The Petzval sum and the Petzval surface
6.9.4 The Petzval surface and astigmatic image surfaces
6.10 Pupil aberrations
6.11 Conjugate-shift effects
References

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CHAPTER 7.

Principles of Lens Design

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7.1 Thin lenses
7.2 Thin lens at the stop
7.2.1 Spherical aberration
7.2.2 Coma
7.2.3 Astigmatism
7.2.4 Field curvature
7.2.5 Distortion
7.2.6 Axial color
7.2.7 Lateral color
7.3 Discussion of the thin-lens Seidel aberrations
7.3.1 Spherical aberration
7.3.2 Correction of coma
7.3.3 Correction of astigmatism
7.3.4 Correction of field curvature
7.3.5 Reduction of aberrations by splitting lenses into two
7.3.6 Seidel aberrations of a thin lens that is not at the stop
7.3.7 Correction of axial and lateral color
7.4 Shape-dependent and shape-independent aberrations
7.5 Aspheric surfaces
7.5.1 Third-order off-axis aberrations of an aspheric plate
7.5.2 Chromatic effects
7.6 The sine condition
7.6.1 Sine condition in the finite conjugate case
7.6.2 The sine condition with the object at infinity
7.6.3 The sine condition for the afocal case
7.7 Other design strategies
7.7.1 Monocentric systems
7.7.2 Use of front-to-back symmetry
References

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CHAPTER 8.

Achromatic Doublet Objectives

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8.1 Seidel analysis
8.1.1 Correction of chromatic aberration
8.1.2 Astigmatism and field curvature
8.1.3 Comparison with the actual aberrations of a doublet
8.1.4 Correcting both Petzval sum and axial color in doublets
8.1.5 Possibilities of aberration correction in doublets
8.2 The cemented doublet
8.2.1 Optimization of cemented doublets
8.2.2 Crown-first doublet
8.2.3 Flint-first doublet
8.3 The split doublet
8.3.1 The split Fraunhofer doublet
8.3.2 The split Gauss doublet
8.4 General limitations of doublets

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CHAPTER 9.

Petzval Lenses and Telephoto Objectives

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9.1 Seidel analysis
9.1.1 Calculation of predicted transverse aberrations from Seidel coefficients
9.2 Optimization
9.3 Examples
9.3.1 Simple Petzval lens with two doublets
9.3.2 Petzval lens with curved image surface
9.3.3 Petzval lens with field flattener
9.4 The telephoto lens

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CHAPTER 10.

Triplets

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10.1 Seidel theory
10.2 Example of an optimized triplet
10.3 Glass choice
10.4 Vignetting

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CHAPTER 11.

Eyepieces and Afocal Systems

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11.1 Eyepieces - design considerations
11.1.1 Specification of an eyepiece
11.1.2 Aberration considerations
11.2 Simple eyepiece types
11.2.1 The Ramsden eyepiece
11.2.2 The achromatized Ramsden, or Kellner, eyepiece
11.2.3 The Ploessl eyepiece
11.2.4 The Erfle eyepiece
11.3 Afocal systems for the visible waveband
11.3.1 Simple example of a complete telescopic system
11.3.2 More complex example of a telescopic system
11.3.3 Galilean telescopes
11.3.4 Magnifiers
References

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CHAPTER 12.

Thermal Imaging Lenses

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12.1 Photon detection
12.1.1 8- to 13- μm waveband
12.1.2 3- to 5- μm waveband
12.2 Single-material lenses
12.2.1 Single germanium lens
12.2.2 Germanium doublets
12.2.3 Germanium Petzval lens
12.2.4 Germanium triplet
12.3 Multiple-material lenses
12.4 Infrared afocal systems
12.4.1 The objective
12.4.2 The eyepiece
12.4.3 Optimization and analysis
12.5 Other aspects of thermal imaging
12.5.1 Narcissus effect
12.5.2 Thermal effects
12.5.3 Special optical surfaces
References

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CHAPTER 13.

Catadioptric Systems

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13.1 General considerations
13.1.1 Reminder of Seidel theory - spherical aberration, S1
13.1.2 Correction of field curvature, S4
13.1.3 General topics relating to computations with catadioptric systems
13.1.4 Baffles
13.2 Simple examples
13.2.1 Cassegrain telescope
13.2.2 Field corrector for a Cassegrain telescope
13.2.3 Coma corrector for a paraboloidal mirror
13.2.4 Field corrector for a paraboloidal mirror
13.2.5 The Ritchey-Chrétien telescope
13.2.6 Field corrector for a Ritchey-Chrétien telescope
13.2.7 Field corrector for a hyperbolic mirror
13.2.8 Schmidt camera
13.2.9 The achromatized Schmidt camera
13.2.10 The field-flattened Schmidt camera
13.2.11 The Maksutov-Bouwers Cassegrain system
13.2.12 A simple Mangin mirror system by Wiedemann
13.3 More complex examples
13.3.1 Canzek Mangin system
13.3.2 Mirror telephoto lens
References

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Back Matter

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Back Matter — Errata

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