A fast interrogation scheme for fiber Bragg grating (FBG) using Kalman filter (KF) algorithm is presented. The resolution of the system using KF algorithm is tested, and the dynamic interrogation of the system is verified using vibration signals. Meanwhile, different degrees of static pressure were applied to the FBG, and the static interrogation of the system is verified. Experimental verification shows that the Bragg wavelength resolution of the proposed algorithm can reach 0.3 pm and is relatively stable as the wavelength resolution of the system decreases. In addition, the antinoise performance of KF algorithm is compared with that of direct peak search algorithm. Compared with other commonly used FBG peak search algorithms, the innovative algorithm has the characteristics of low computational cost, high sensitivity, and stability.