This contribution presents temperature-dependent and site-selective spectroscopy measurements of Yb, Al, F co-doped silica. White light absorption and fluorescence measurements using a multimode 915 nm diode for excitation were both made over the range 77 K to 420 K. Low temperature measurements allow determination of the Stark levels. The high temperature measurements allow quantification of how the laser cross-sections vary with temperature over intervals applicable to high power laser operation. Between room temperature and 420 K, the cross-sections for some spectral regions change by more than 10%, whereas other regions are essentially unchanged over the same temperature range.
Recent years have seen silica emerge as a viable material for optical refrigeration with potential applications in directed energy, integrated photonics, and precision metrology. Proper characterization of potential composition profiles is vital for optimization. Here, static photoluminescence spectroscopy of a Yb, Al co-doped silica sample over the temperature range 80 K to 300 K reveals the emission lineshape is dependent on the excitation wavelength. The impact this has on extracted laser cooling parameters is discussed.
Record laser cooling of Yb-doped silica by 18.4 K and 6.3 K was observed in vacuum and atmospheric pressure conditions, respectively. We present a detailed investigation into the optical refrigeration of ytterbium doped silica glass for both in-air and in-vacuum conditions using various pump powers. Temperature measurements were made relative to the room temperature using thermal camera imaging and differential luminescence thermometry. Through analysis of the temporal behavior of the temperature differential at the start of the in-vacuum experiments, we find the cooling efficiency of the studied silicates to be 0.66 ± 0.07%.
Record laser cooling of Yb-doped silica by 18.4 K was recently observed in vacuum. There is a strong indication pointing to even stronger laser-cooling of Yb-doped silica. In light of these results, a radiation-balanced fiber laser in which cooling from spontaneous emission offsets waste heat generation appears more feasible than before. We will discuss the possibility of a radiation-balanced fiber laser, the similarities and differences with the conventional fiber lasers, and performance issues.
KEYWORDS: Silica, Glasses, Luminescence, High power lasers, Optical fibers, Optical amplifiers, High power fiber amplifiers, Absorption, High power fiber lasers, Fiber lasers
Anti-Stokes fluorescence cooling of a Yb-doped silica glass optical fiber preform is achieved using a high-power laser in a double-pass configuration. The coherent laser beam illuminates the silica glass preform in the red tail of its absorption spectrum, and the heat is carried out by anti-Stokes fluorescence of the blue-shifted photons. The high-purity Yb-doped silica glass preform has low parasitic absorption and is codoped with modifiers to mitigate the quenching-induced non-radiative decay for sufficiently high concentrations of Yb ions in silica glass. Therefore, sufficiently large laser absorption could be achieved to observe cooling while maintaining a near-unity external quantum efficiency.
Radiation balancing has been suggested as a possible path for heat mitigation, especially because Yb-doped silica has been recently shown to be amenable to solid-state refrigeration. In this work, we characterize a Yb-doped silica fiber preform and extract its laser cooling related parameters. We show that a fiber drawn from this preform is suitable for designing radiation-balanced fiber lasers (RBFLs). Numerical simulations based on measured values support such an observation.
Rare-earth-doped glass Anderson localizing optical fibers (g-ALOF) have great potential for novel power, coherence, and spectral properties as the gain medium in fiber lasers. We report on our investigation of the optical properties of Yb-doped g-ALOF near the peak absorption wavelength, especially the localization, and lasing- and gain-related parameters. These include the fluorescence lifetime, emission cross-section, absorption cross-section, saturation power, gain, scattering loss, and background absorption. We also elaborate on several new measurement techniques that were required to obtain these parameters, mainly due to the substantial structural difference between g-ALOFs and conventional fibers.
We report the observation of anti-Stokes fluorescence cooling of Yb-doped silica glass by 0.7 degrees Celsius. We conduct a detailed investigation of the cooling parameters of this glass, including the wavelength dependence of the cooling efficiency as a function of the wavelength and also the parasitic absorption of the pump laser. The measurements are performed on three different glass samples with different compositions and cooling is observed in all samples to varying degrees. The results highlight the possibility of using Yb-doped silica glass for radiation-balancing in fibers. Radiation-Balancing is a viable technique for heat mitigation in lasers and amplifiers.
The modal instability due to heating has been a limiting factor in the ongoing progress towards power scaling in fiber lasers and amplifiers. Radiation balancing has been suggested as a feasible approach for heat mitigation, for which Yb-doped ZBLAN is a recommended gain medium. In this study, we introduce a non-destructive and non-contact method to characterize Yb-doped ZBLAN fibers and show that it is suitable for designing a radiation-balanced fiber laser. Numerical simulations based on measured values indicate that background absorption is the main hindrance to be overcome in such designs.
The latest efforts in performing high-power mid-IR optical refrigeration in Tm-doped crystals are reported. A Thuliumdoped fiber amplifier (TDFA) seeded by a mid-IR Continuous Wave Optical Parametric Oscillator (CW-OPO) and diodepumped at 793 nm is developed to obtain a high-power source in the mid-IR for laser cooling and RBL experiments. Using the TDFA, experiments are underway for implementing a Herriott cell geometry for laser cooling to low temperatures, as well as demonstrating the first mid-IR RBL in Tm and Ho-doped crystals.
Transverse Anderson Localizing Optical Fiber (TALOF) provides a novel waveguiding mechanism. The entire disordered transverse structure of the fiber supports compactly located Anderson localized modes. Each transversely localized mode of the fiber forms a guiding channel. The strong disorder-induced transverse confinement due to the Anderson localization suffices for single-mode light transmission. In this work, we analyze the beam quality of highly localized modes in a glass-TALOF. We use the M^2 factor as a broadly accepted metric in optical fiber community for the beam quality evaluation. A numerical analysis of the M^2 values on a large ensemble of calculated modes in a glass-TALOF hints to the presence of high-quality modes at various locations across the transverse profile of the fiber. Our experimental results on the statistics of M^2 values in glass-TALOF supports the numerical analysis where it is shown that high-quality modes can be easily excited across the entire transverse profile of the fiber. Specifically, we present M^2 values of 30 localized modes and show how the M^2 ~ 1 modes are dominant. When the gain is added to TALOF, it can support localized lasing modes. Recently, we have demonstrated a directional and spectrally stable random laser mediated by a glass-TALOF; localization of the lasing modes reduces mode competition and helps with the spectral stability. The disorder-induced high-quality wavefronts in TALOF in combination with the aforementioned advances in lasing mediated by TALOF can foster a new class of single-mode optical fiber laser.
Recent advances in power scaling of fiber lasers and amplifiers are hampered by the transverse mode instability, which deteriorates the output laser beam quality: the main cause is the overheating of the optical fibers. Radiative cooling has been suggested as a potentially viable heat removal scheme: the rare-earth-doped optical fiber is pumped at the pump wavelength, which is higher than the mean fluorescence wavelength of the active ions; therefore, the anti-Stokes fluorescence removes some and ideally most of the excess heat. In practice, the pump absorption cross section is considerably lower than its peak value, because the pump wavelength must be sufficiently longer than the mean fluorescence wavelength for efficient radiative cooling. Therefore, the design of such lasers and amplifiers must naturally depart from the conventional designs.
I will focus on general scaling laws that govern the design of radiation-balanced fiber amplifiers and lasers. In particular, I will show that the undesirable parasitic absorption can make conventional designs unrealistic or at best irrelevant. In other words, a sufficiently large (and realistic) value of parasitic absorption can totally dominate the thermal balance, because its contribution scales linearly with the power, while the radiative cooling saturates at high power values. I will show that in conventional designs, radiation balancing can only be achieved at power values sufficiently low that may not even warrant any sophisticated cooling effort. However, there exist unconventional design strategies that make radiation balancing relevant even at high powers and I will explore such designs and their consequences.
KEYWORDS: Cladding, Optical fibers, High power fiber amplifiers, Optical amplifiers, Fiber amplifiers, Thermal effects, Absorption, High power fiber lasers, Laser development, High power lasers
Currently heat management is a big hurdle for power-scaling of high-power fiber lasers and amplifiers. Different methods have been developed over the years to mitigate the heat generation in high-power lasers and amplifiers; radiation balancing is a new method that leverages the radiative cooling for heat mitigation. In this study, the effects of different design parameters on the operation of a doped-double-cladding (DC) fiber laser and amplifier for radiation balancing are investigated. The results show that the value of the internal quantum efficiency for an effective heat mitigation by radiation balancing is not required to be very close to unity. Conversely, it is shown that in high-power operation, even small values of background absorption can be detrimental to radiation balancing. It is argued that both the background absorption and the small dopant area of the doped-DC fibers are big hurdles in achieving an effective heat mitigation by radiation balancing in high power operation. In order to address this issue, we suggest to dope the inner cladding of the DC fiber such that at the pump wavelength, the inner cladding cools down by optical refrigeration. Due to the geometry of the fiber, the temperature is uniformly homogenized across the fiber and the effective fiber temperature decreases, allowing Yb-doped DC fiber lasers and amplifiers to operate at Kilo-Watt levels in radiation balanced mode.
To study the cooling efficiency and radiation-balanced condition in optical fiber lasers, it is essential to measure
the absorption coefficient over the appropriate spectral range accurately. The most common technique to measure the absorption coefficient in rare-earth doped optical fibers is the cut-back method. Unfortunately, the cut-back method is destructive and requires mechanical movement and optical realignment, which are troublesome for fragile fibers like ZBLAN fibers or tapered optical fibers. Moreover, the presence of the cladding modes is a source of inaccuracy in the final result, and it is challenging to properly remove the cladding modes in highly doped fibers to achieve high accuracy in the measurement of the absorption coefficient. We introduce a non-destructive method based on analyzing the side-light along the doped fiber. The method is presented and explained in detail, and it is successfully used for measuring the resonance absorption of the Yb-doped silica and ZBLAN fiber in single-mode and multi-mode rare-earth doped fibers.
We will review strategies for using the radiation-balanced technique to address the problem of excessive heat generation in optical fiber lasers and amplifiers. Our approach is to study the design parameter space and explore the role of different parameters in making an effective athermal device. The fiber geometry (core and cladding dimensions), its optics (fiber materials and refractive indices), the choice of the rare-earth gain materials and their spatial distribution in the fiber, and device configuration (pumping schemes and laser-cavity or amplifier design) will be investigated. Other issues such as the thermometry of the optical fiber will also be discussed.
Measurement of cooling efficiency and temperature of the doped optical fiber is critical for the development of optical refrigerators and radiation balanced lasers. Measuring the optical fiber temperature, especially for single mode fibers, is challenging. Non-contact thermometry is required because a temperature sensor which is in thermal contact with the fiber can potentially be a heat load when exposed to the scattered pump power and fiber luminescence and can lead to inaccuracies in thermometry. One of the best non-contact methods is using differential luminescence thermometry (DLT). DLT works based on the fact that the 4f electrons in rare-earths are shielded from the surroundings and host field transitions; therefore, the temperature-induced intensity changes in rare-earth material luminescence are mainly caused by changes in Boltzmann population of emitting states. We propose a variant of DLT for finding a relation between the spontaneous emission of the fiber and the temperature. Our method is based on the normalized correlation between the spontaneous emission spectrum at each temperature and the reference spontaneous emission. In this method, we chose a section of the spontaneous emission spectrum as the reference and calculate the normalized correlation factor of the spontaneous spectrum at each temperature with the reference spontaneous spectrum. We make a calibration curve, and based on the calibration curve we estimate the temperature difference from the reference. Comparisons with the conventional DLT will be presented.
A numerical study of laser cooling in a large mode area Single Mode Photonic Crystal Yb3+:ZBLAN glass fiber is presented. In a recent analyses on conventional single mode fibers (SMFs), strategies to maximize the cooling efficiency were highlighted and it was shown that the cooling scales quadratically with the core and inversely with the cladding radius. For conventional SMFs, heat source density can hardly be increased due to limitations in the total Yb doping concentration and the fact that the system easily operates in the pump saturation regime due to very low saturation intensities in small core single mode fibers. Therefore, it is essential to use the largest possible core radius and smallest cladding radius to obtain detectable cooling. A trivial design approach to obtain large mode areas is to decrease the numerical aperture (NA). However, there are several difficulties in applying this concept to rare-earth-doped fibers. Here, we propose large mode area single mode Yb3+:ZBLAN photonic crystal fibers as a robust alternative design. The radial distribution of the pump and laser mode intensities are numerically calculated using Finite Element Method and the heat source density is directly calculated using the pump and laser intensity distributions. The heat source density is fed back to the heat transfer module of COMSOL and radial temperature distribution across the large core of the fiber and its surrounding photonic crystal structure is calculated. Our results show that a much higher laser cooling efficiency is achievable in large mode area single mode photonic crystal fibers.
We investigate by theory ultra broadband photon pair generation in graded index multimode optical fibers (GIMFs). It has been shown how the unique dispersive properties of GIMFs provide an opportunity to generate state engineered photon pairs. Our findings hint on interesting features such as:
- GIMFs provide can be used as an ultra tunable source of state engineered photon pairs.
- Quantum correlations are independent of fiber mode and group number and only depend on spectral separation from the pump.
- It is possible to simultaneously generate uncorrelated and correlated photon pair in the same fiber.
Radiation-balanced lasers are lasers where the heat generation in the gain medium is compensated by optical refrigeration due to anti-Stokes fluorescence emission. To investigate the feasibility of RBL operation in an optical fiber, a diagnostic test and a comprehensive model are essential. The model presented here is based on a two-level system and includes the intensity saturation effect, which has been usually neglected in bulk materials. We will show that for a material with a very low dopant area such as a single mode fiber (SMF) in which the saturation power is easily attainable, there is an optimum power at which the best cooling efficiency is obtained. The effect of the dopant density on the cooling power is investigated to find the maximum cooling efficiency which can be extracted for the material. We also present data for the extraction efficiency and other parameters of commercial Yb:ZBLAN glass and Yb:Silicate SMFs to discuss their cooling feasibility. Due to the structural defects, a double exponential behavior is usually observed in the fluorescence decay of the fibers that includes an slow and a fast decay channels. Some of the ions usually reside in the fast decay side and cause a large decrease in the heat extraction efficiency. Using our model, we will first analytically show that there is a maximum limit for the fast decay lifetime below which the cooling can still be functional and secondly discuss the effect of the measured decay lifetimes on the cooling efficiency.
We present for the first time a wavelength tunable fiber-based optical tweezer using a graded index multimode optical fiber (GIMF). Optical fiber tweezer is a viable replacement for the bulky objective-based tweezers because of the low-cost and user-friendly operation and maneuverability. The proposed optical fiber tweezer consists of a GIMF spliced to a single mode fiber into which a wavelength tunable laser is launched. The exit field at the end-facet of the GIMF is used for tweezing. The GIMF setup is capable of generating a tunable-distance optical trap over a hundred microns by just tuning the laser wavelength. The position of the optical trap can also be customized with the proper design of the GIMF and straining the fiber. The length of the GIMF also plays an important role in the operation of the device. This length needs to be fined-tuned only over less than 500 microns due to the self-imaging properties of the beam propagating in a GIMF; therefore, the necessary length adjustments can be easily done by polishing the end-facet of the fiber. The numerical results also show that as the optical trap moves farther away from the GIMF tip, the optical trap gets weaker. The results also show that the minimum input power to meet the stability conditions for a particle with a radius of 0.1 micron is around 400 mW.
Anderson localizing optical fibers (ALOF) enable a novel optical waveguiding mechanism; if a narrow beam is scanned across the input facet of the disordered fiber, the output beam follows the transverse position of the incoming wave. Strong transverse disorder induces several localized modes uniformly spread across the transverse structure of the fiber. Each localized mode acts like a transmission channel which carries a narrow input beam along the fiber without transverse expansion. Here, we investigate scaling of transverse size of the localized modes of ALOF with respect to transverse dimensions of the fiber. Probability density function (PDF) of the mode-area is applied and it is shown that PDF converges to a terminal shape at transverse dimensions considerably smaller than the previous experimental implementations. Our analysis turns the formidable numerical task of ALOF simulations into a much simpler problem, because the convergence of mode-area PDF to a terminal shape indicates that a much smaller disordered fiber, compared to previous numerical and experimental implementations, provides all the statistical information required for the precise analysis of the fiber.
In this paper we study, both experimentally and by theory, a new nonlinear dynamic in multimode optical fiber where intermodal four-wave mixing (IM-FWM) and Kerr-induced nonlinear mode coupling (NLC) are strongly interacting. We show that presence of phase-matched IM-FWM and strong nonlinear mode coupling results in an unprecedented saturable mode conversion in the FWM anti-Stokes beam. We investigate the evolution of modal conversion as a function of fiber length and show that the result of this novel nonlinear dynamic is a controllable, length independent mode conversion. Our theoretical calculations suggest that the converted anti-Stokes beam can also be amplified via IM-FWM. We observe a mode conversion with an efficiency as high as 90 percent.
Disordered optical fibers show novel waveguiding properties that can be used for various device applications, such as beam-multiplexed optical communications and endoscopic image transport. The quality of the transported image is shown to be comparable with or better than some of the best commercially available multicore image fibers with less pixelation and higher contrast. Progress and results, as well as ongoing efforts on the design, fabrication, and characterization of the disordered optical fibers will be discussed.
An optical fiber with a transversely disordered yet longitudinally invariant refractive index profile can propagate a beam of light using transverse Anderson localization. A launched beam of light into the disordered optical fiber expands till it reaches its localization radius beyond which it propagates without further expansion. In contrast to a conventional single-core optical fiber in which a propagating beam of light can only couple to and propagate in the core, the beam of light can be coupled to any point at the tip of the disordered fiber. This property originated from the localized highly multimodal property of disordered optical fibers that can be used for high quality optical image transport. We experimentally compare the quality of the transported images in the disordered polymer optical fibers with those transported through the multicore imaging fibers, as well as conventional single core fibers. The impacts of source wavelength and refractive index difference between the disordered sites on the quality of the transported images in the disordered optical fibers is studied numerically. The role of randomness in improving the quality of transported images is investigated by comparing the full vectorial modes of a disordered fiber with those in a periodic multicore fiber.
The saturable absorption performance of several one dimensional and two dimensional multi-core fiber array couplers are investigated as a function of the number of the fiber cores. The results indicate that the performance of all these saturable absorbers are comparable and not much is gained, if any, by increasing the number of cores. Hence, rather than using complex multi-core fiber saturable absorbers, one can benefit from the simpler two-core fiber setup to get the desired output mode-locked pulses. This observation is supported by the comparable pulse characteristics obtained from the simulation of a generic mode-locked fiber laser cavity.
A beam of light can propagate in a time-invariant transversely disordered waveguide because of transverse Anderson localization. We developed a disordered glass optical ber from a porous artisan glass (satin quartz). The refractive index pro le of the disordered glass optical ber is composed of a non-uniform distribution of air voids which can be approximated as longitudinally invariant. The ll-fraction of air voids is higher at the regions closer to the boundary compared with the central regions. The experimental results show that the beam radius of a localized beam is smaller at the regions closer to the boundary than the one at the central regions. In order to understand the reason behind these observations, the fully vectorial modes of the disordered glass ber are calculated using the actual scanning electron microscope image of the ber tip. The numerical calculations show that the modes at regions closer to the boundary of the ber are more localized compared with the modes at the central regions. Coupling of an input beam to the less-localized modes with large tails at the central regions of the ber results in a large beam radius. In comparison, a beam of light launched at the regions close to the boundary couples to the highly compact modes of the ber and results in a small localized beam radius.
Anderson localization has been a subject of fascination and intense research for more than fifty years. It is highly desirable to harness its curious and interesting properties in practical applications. We have taken a step in this direction by using this phenomenon as the wave guiding mechanism in optical fibers. We have shown, both experimentally and numerically, that for a moderate amount of disorder in optical fibers, transverse localization results in an effective propagating beam diameter that is comparable to that of a typical index-guiding optical fiber.1, 2 In this work, we investigate the effect of macro-bending on the localization properties in a disordered polymer optical fiber both experimentally and numerically. We show that macro-bending in ranges of practical interest does not significantly affect the beam propagation in Anderson localized fibers as long as the strong localization dominates the effect of bending.
We report on a generalization of the eigenfunction expansion method to model the performance of multichannel optical-fiber communications systems in the presence of nonlinear phase noise. Our method is fast, accurate, and easy to implement for numerical simulations in multichannel wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) systems. We also account for the dispersion to all orders for increased accuracy in multichannel systems.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print or electronic format on
SPIE.org.
INSTITUTIONAL Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.
PERSONAL Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.