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The paper presents instrumentation and preliminary results of aerosol measurements which were conducted in eastern Antarctica, near the Russian station "Progress" (69°22S 76°23E, Larsemann Hills). The aerosol measurements were performed using a MAX-DOAS instrument called MARS-B originally designed by NOMREC of BSU. The MARS-B instrument records spectra of the scattered sunlight in a range of the elevation angles of 0°–90° in the UV and visible range of 341-426 and 416-500 nm with FWHM=0.32 nm.
To retrieve aerosol extinction, we used its influence on the optical depth of the collision complex O2-O2 (or O4) of the molecular oxygen O2. Aerosol extinction was obtained for the wavelengths of 370 and 458 nm. The MAX-DOAS aerosol measurements were performed in January and February, 2014, and were further compared with Cimel-CE318 solar photometer data for clear days. Features of two data series are discussed in brief.
In September 2016 the IAP instrument participated in the CINDI-2 campaign, held in the Netherlands. CINDI 2 (2nd Cabauw Intercomparison of Nitrogen Dioxide Measuring Instruments) involves about 40 instruments quasi-synchronously performing DOAS measurements of NO2 and other trace gases.
During the campaign the instrument ports had telescopes A and B with similar field of view of about 0.3°. Telescope A was always directed to the zenith. Telescope B was directed at 5° elevation angle. Two gratings were installed in the spectrometer. They provide different spectral resolution (FWHM ~0.4 and 0.8 nm respectively) and spectral window width (~70 and ~140 nm respectively). During CINDI-2 campaign we performed test measurements in UV and visible wavelength ranges to investigate instrument stability and retrieval errors of NO2 and HCHO contents.
We perform the preliminary error analysis of retrieval of the NO2 and HCHO differential slant column densities using spectra measured in four modes of the instrument basing on residual noise analysis in this paper. It was found that rotation of grating turret does not significantly affected on quality of NO2 DSCD retrieval from spectra which measured in visible spectral region. Influence of grating turret rotation is much more significant for gas DSCD retrieval from spectra which measured in UV spectral region. Standard deviation of retrieval error points to presence of some systematic error.
HCHO has a sufficiently large absorption cross-section in the UV spectral region to be detected by the technique of the differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS). We present here new version 1.3a of the algorithm for retrieval of the HCHO total content in the troposphere from DOAS observations of the scattered solar radiation developed in A.M. Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP). The new version has reduced retrieval error but negligible bias with respect to the previous versions. DOAS measurements of scattered solar radiation are performed at Zvenigorod Scientific Station (ZSS, 55°41'49''N, 36°46'29''E) located in 38 km west from Moscow Ring Road by a MAX-DOAS instrument since 2008. We provide preliminary results of the HCHO total content measurements in the troposphere observed in 2010-2012 obtained by the revised retrieval algorithm.
For the reconstruction of some geometrical characteristics of clouds a method was developed based on taking pictures of the sky by a pair of digital photo cameras and subsequent processing of the obtained sequence of stereo frames to obtain the height of the cloud base.
Since the directions of the optical axes of the stereo cameras are not exactly known, a procedure of adjusting of obtained frames was developed which use photographs of the night starry sky. In the second step, the method of the morphological analysis of images is used to determine the relative shift of the coordinates of some fragment of cloud. The shift is used to estimate the searched cloud base height.
The proposed method can be used for automatic processing of stereo data and getting the cloud base height. The report describes a mathematical model of stereophotography measurement, poses and solves the problem of adjusting of optical axes of the cameras, describes method of searching of cloud fragments at another frame by the morphological image analysis; the problem of estimating the cloud base height is formulated and solved. Theoretical investigation shows that for the stereo base of 60 m and shooting with a resolution of 1600x1200 pixels in field of view of 60° the errors do not exceed 10% for the cloud base height up to 4 km. Optimization of camera settings can farther improve the accuracy. Available for authors experimental setup with the stereo base of 17 m and a resolution of 640x480 pixels preliminary confirmed theoretical estimations of the accuracy in comparison with laser rangefinder.
For analysis of the HCHO variability we selected spectra taken in cloud free conditions. Version 1.2 of retrieval algorithm is used. It uses information on the surface albedo and the height of the atmospheric boundary layer inferred from a model. Data screening using color index was implemented. The obtained data quantify the Moscow megapolis influence on air quality at Zvenigorod by comparison of HCHO VCD for east and west wind directions. HCHO VCD for east winds is grater one for west winds for 0.5×1016 mol×cm-2 in average. Strong dependence of HCHO VCD on air temperature is noticeable in our data for air temperatures from +5 to +35°C. In different conditions of the atmosphere gradient of the temperature effect is about 1.1–1.2×1015 mol×cm-2×°C-1. The increase of the formaldehyde content with the increase of the air temperature can be caused by the HCHO formation from non-methane biogenic volatile organic compounds for which more emission is expected at higher temperatures.
Measurements of formaldehyde total content using DOAS technique: a new retrieval method for overcast
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