Dr. Stephen J. Smith Profile

Dr. Stephen J. Smith

at NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr

SPIE Involvement:

Author

Publications (44)

Proceedings Article | 22 August 2024 Poster

Poster

Development of the microcalorimeter array for the Line Emission Mapper (LEM) x-ray probe

Stephen Smith, Joseph Adams, Simon Bandler, James Chervenak, Renata Cumbee, Fred Finkbeiner, Joshua Fuhrman, Samuel Hull, Richard Kelley, Caroline Kilbourne, Frederick Porter, Kazuhiro Sakai, Nicholas Wakeham, Edward Wassell, Sang Yoon

Proceedings Volume 13093, 130937I (2024) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3019225

Proceedings Article | 22 August 2024 Poster

Poster

Transition-edge sensor time-division multiplexing (TDM) digital readout electronics for the Line Emission Mapper (LEM)

Kazuhiro Sakai, Joseph Adams, Simon Bandler, James Chervenak, Fred Finkbeiner, Joshua Fuhrman, Samuel Hull, Richard Kelley, Caroline Kilbourne, Haruka Muramatsu, Frederick Porter, Stephen Smith, Nicholas Wakeham, Edward Wassell

Proceedings Volume 13093, 130937J (2024) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3020362

Proceedings Article | 22 August 2024 Poster

Poster

Implementing the LEM science program with a high spectral resolution wide field of view x-ray telescope

Daniel Patnaude, Frederick Porter, Ralph Kraft, Caroline Kilbourne, Simon Bandler, Akos Bogdan, Renata Cumbee, Megan Eckart, Cecilia Garraffo, Edmund Hodges-Kluck, Richard Kelley, Maxim Markevitch, Anna Ogorzalek, Paul Plucinsky, John ZuHone, Irina Zhuravleva, Jeremy Drake, Maurice Leutenegger, Steve Kenyon, Stephen Smith, Will Zhang, Stephen DePalo, Xiaoyi Li, Nathan Williams, Edward Amatucci, Janice Houston, Kathleen Coderre, Isaac Hayden, Elizabeth Osborne, Jeffrey Olson, Steven Ramm, Scott Richardson

Proceedings Volume 13093, 130937L (2024) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3020433

Proceedings Article | 21 August 2024 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

Development of the microcalorimeter detector for the Athena/X-ray Integral Field Unit

Stephen Smith, Joseph Adams, Simon Bandler, Rachel Borrelli, James Chervenak, Felipe Colazo-Petit, Renata Cumbee, Fred Finkbeiner, Joshua Fuhrman, Samuel Hull, Richard Kelley, Caroline Kilbourne, F. Scott Porter, Asha Rani, Kazuhiro Sakai, Nicholas Wakeham, Edward Wassell, Michael Witthoeft, Sang Yoon

Proceedings Volume 13093, 130930V (2024) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3019198

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Design, Time division multiplexing, Detector arrays, Resistance, Superconducting detectors, Astronomical detectors, Quantum sensors, Calorimetry, X-ray astronomy

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Proceedings Article | 21 August 2024 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

The Line Emission Mapper (LEM) probe mission concept

R. Kraft, Á Bogdán, J. ZuHone, J. Adams, J. Alvarado-Gómez, C. Argiroffi, M. Ayromlou, M. Azadi, S. Bandler, M. Barbera, A. Bhardwaj, V. Biffi, D. Bodewits, E. Boettcher, B. Branham, J. Burchett, D. Burke, J. Cann, J. Carter, D. Castro, P. Chakraborty, K. Chan, S. Chen, E. Churazov, K. Coderre, M. Corcoran, R. Cumbee, S. DePalo, K. Dolag, M. Donahue, W. Doriese, J. Drake, W. Dunn, M. Eckart, D. Eckert, S. Ettori, Y. Ezoe, C. Feldman, E. Flaccomio, W. Forman, M. Galeazzi, A. Gall, C. Garraffo, M. Gonzalez, N. Grosso, J. Hartley, N. Hell, L. Hernquist, E. Hodges-Kluck, J. Houston, S. Hull, N. Islam, P. Janas, F. Jennings, C. Jones, P. Kaaret, H. Kanner, M. Karovska, V. Kashyap, P. Kavanagh, R. Kelley, I. Khabibullin, C. Kilbourne, C.-G. Kim, D. Koutroumpa, O. Kovács, K. Kuntz, S.-H. Lee, M. Leutenegger, T. Linn, S. Lotti, M. Markevitch, K. Martin, L. May, D. McCammon, S. McEntee, S. Mei, F. Mernier, M. Miceli, J. Miller, M. Mirakhor, K. Monsch, Y. Nazé, D. Nelson, A. Nordt, A. Ogorzalek, J. Olson, S. Orlando, E. Osborne, L. Oskinova, D. Patnaude, R. Pfeifle, C. Pinto, {/ Plucinsky, G. Ponti, D. Porquet, F. Porter, D. Préle, S. Ramm, S. Randall, E. Rasia, M. Rau, S. Richardson, K. Sakai, A. Sarkar, G. Schellenberger, S. Sciortino, J. Schaye, A. Simionescu, S. Smith, M. Sobolewska, J. Steiner, J. Stern, Y. Su, M. Sun, N. Truong, E. Ursino, M. Valentini, S. Veilleux, S. Vladutescu-Zopp, M. Vogelsberger, N. Wakeham, S. Walker, Q. Wang, B. Wargelin, K. Weaver, J. Werk, N. Werner, S. Wolk, C. Zhang, W. Zhang, I. Zhuravleva

Proceedings Volume 13093, 1309327 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3019969

KEYWORDS: X-rays, Galactic astronomy, Stars, Bubbles, Spectral resolution, Iron, Physics, Spectroscopy, Metals, Plasma

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The Line Emission Mapper (LEM) is a Probe mission concept developed in response to NASA’s Astrophysics Probe Explorer (APEX) Announcement of Opportunity. LEM has a single science instrument composed of a large-area, wide-field X-ray optic and a microcalorimeter X-ray imaging spectrometer in the focal plane. LEM is optimized to observe low-surface-brightness diffuse X-ray emission over a 30′ equivalent diameter field of view with 1.3 and 2.5 eV spectral resolution in the 0.2−2.0 keV band. Our primary scientific objective is to map the thermal, kinetic, and elemental properties of the diffuse gas in the extended X-ray halos of galaxies, the outskirts of galaxy clusters, the filamentary structures between these clusters, the Milky Way star-formation regions, the Galactic halo, and supernova remnants in the Milky Way and Local Group. The combination of a wide-field optic with 18′′ angular resolution end-to-end and a microcalorimeter array with 1.3 eV spectral resolution in a 5′ × 5′ inner array (2.5 eV outside of that) offers unprecedented sensitivity to extended low-surface-brightness X-ray emission. This allows us to study feedback processes, gas dynamics, and metal enrichment over seven orders of magnitude in spatial scales, from parsecs to tens of megaparsecs. LEM will spend approximately 11% of its five-year prime science mission performing an All-Sky Survey, the first all-sky X-ray survey at high spectral resolution. The remainder of the five-year science mission will be divided between directed science (30%) and competed General Observer science (70%). LEM and the NewAthena/XIFU are highly complementary, with LEM’s optimization for soft X-rays, large FOV, 1.3 eV spectral resolution, and large grasp balancing the NewAthena/X-IFU’s broadband sensitivity, large effective area, and unprecedented spectral resolving power at 6 keV. In this presentation, we will provide an overview of the mission architecture, the directed science driving the mission design, and the broad scope these capabilities offer to the entire astrophysics community.

Proceedings Article | 21 August 2024 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

The detection chain for Athena X-IFU: a status on the design and demonstrations

H. Geoffray, B. Jackson, S. Bandler, S. Smith, W. Doriese, M. Durkin, J. van der Kuur, P. van der Hulst, M. Kiviranta, D. Prêle, M. Gonzalez, L. Ravera, Yann Parot, R. Den Hartog, E. Taralli, D. Vaccaro, H. van Weers, J. Adams, J. Chervenak, S. Hull, K. Sakai, N. Wakeham, C. Reintsema, J. Ullom, S. Beaumont, F. Brachet, C. Cenac-Morthe, E. Cucchetti, C. Daniel, P. Peille, J. Soucek, A. Argan, C. Macculi

Proceedings Volume 13093, 130930W (2024) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3020011

KEYWORDS: Design, Multiplexers, Time division multiplexing, Crosstalk, X-rays

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SPIE Journal Paper | 14 November 2023 Open Access

Open Access

Line Emission Mapper: an X-ray probe mission concept to study the cosmic ecosystems and the physics of galaxy formation

Daniel Patnaude, Ralph Kraft, Caroline Kilbourne, Simon Bandler, Akos Bogdan, Renata Cumbee, Megan Eckart, Cecilia Garraffo, Edmund Hodges-Kluck, Richard Kelley, Maxim Markevitch, Anna Ogorzalek, Paul Plucinsky, Frederick Porter, John ZuHone, Irina Zhuravleva, Jeremy Drake, Maurice Leutenegger, Steve Kenyon, Stephen Smith, William Zhang, Stephen DePalo, Xiaoyi Li, Nathan Williams, Edward Amatucci, Janice Houston, Deme Apostolou, Hugh Kanner, Kathleen Coderre, Isaac Hayden, Kyle Martin, Elizabeth Osborne, Jeffrey Olson, Steven Ramm, Scott Richardson

JATIS, Vol. 9, Issue 04, 041008, (November 2023) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.JATIS.9.4.041008

KEYWORDS: X-rays, Galactic astronomy, Design, Sensors, Equipment, X-ray optics, Astrophysics, Stars, Ecosystems, Tunable filters

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SPIE Journal Paper | 20 October 2023 Open Access

Open Access

Characterization of a hybrid array of single and multi-absorber transition-edge sensor microcalorimeters for the Line Emission Mapper

Nicholas Wakeham, Joseph Adams, Simon Bandler, James Chervenak, Renata Cumbee, Fred Finkbeiner, Joshua Fuhrman, Samuel Hull, Richard Kelley, Caroline Kilbourne, Kazuhiro Sakai, Stephen Smith, Edward Wassell, Sang Yoon

JATIS, Vol. 9, Issue 04, 041006, (October 2023) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.JATIS.9.4.041006

KEYWORDS: Design, X-rays, Time division multiplexing, Resistance, Equipment, Sensors, Detector arrays, Gold, Aluminum, Multiplexing

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SPIE Journal Paper | 19 October 2023 Open Access

Open Access

Line emission mapper microcalorimeter spectrometer

Simon Bandler, Joseph Adams, Edward Amatucci, Edgar Canavan, James Chervenak, Renata Cumbee, Johannes P. Dercksen, Michael DiPirro, William Doriese, Megan Eckart, Manuel Gonzalez, Janice Houston, Brian Jackson, Amir Jahromi, Steven Kenyon, Caroline Kilbourne, Edmund Hodges-Kluck, Ralph Kraft, Xiaoyi Li, Maxim Markevitch, Dan McCammon, Jeffrey Olson, Elizabeth Osborne, Kazuhiro Sakai, Daniel Patnaude, Frederick Porter, Damien Prêle, Peter Shirron, Stephen Smith, Terrence Smith, Nicholas Wakeham, Henk van Weers

JATIS, Vol. 9, Issue 04, 041002, (October 2023) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.JATIS.9.4.041002

KEYWORDS: Tunable filters, Design, Sensors, Time division multiplexing, X-rays, Staring arrays, Cryocoolers, Spectroscopy, Equipment, Detector arrays

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SPIE Journal Paper | 18 October 2023 Open Access

Open Access

Development of space-flight room-temperature electronics for the Line Emission Mapper Microcalorimeter Spectrometer

Kazuhiro Sakai, Joseph Adams, Simon Bandler, Si Chen, Manuel Gonzalez, Damien Prêle, Carl Reintsema, Adam Schoenwald, Stephen Smith, Terrence Smith, Nicholas Wakeham

JATIS, Vol. 9, Issue 04, 041004, (October 2023) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.JATIS.9.4.041004

KEYWORDS: Field programmable gate arrays, Time division multiplexing, Sensors, Analog to digital converters, Clocks, Optimal filtering, Multiplexers, Detector arrays, X-rays, Signal processing

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SPIE Journal Paper | 18 October 2023 Open Access

Open Access

Development of the microcalorimeter and anticoincidence detector for the Line Emission Mapper x-ray probe

Stephen Smith, Joseph Adams, Simon Bandler, Rachel Borrelli, James Chervenak, Renata Cumbee, Enectali Figueroa-Feliciano, Fred Finkbeiner, Joshua Furhman, Samuel Hull, Richard L. Kelley, Caroline Kilbourne, Noah Kurinsky, Jennette Mateo, Asha Rani, Kazuhiro Sakai, Nicholas Wakeham, Edward Wassell, Sang Yoon

JATIS, Vol. 9, Issue 04, 041005, (October 2023) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.JATIS.9.4.041005

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Design, Detector arrays, X-rays, Detector development, Time division multiplexing, Image resolution, Crosstalk, Calibration, Staring arrays

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SPIE Journal Paper | 20 July 2023

First flight performance of the Micro-X microcalorimeter X-ray sounding rocket

The Micro-X Collaboration, Joseph S. Adams, Robert Baker, Simon R. Bandler, Noëmie Bastidon, Daniel Castro, Meredith E. Danowksi, William B. Doriese, Megan E. Eckart, Enectalí Figueroa-Feliciano, Joshua Fuhrman, David C. Goldfinger, Sarah N. T. Heine, Gene Hilton, Antonia J. F. Hubbard, Daniel Jardin, Richard L. Kelley, Caroline A. Kilbourne, Steven W. Leman, Renée E. Manzagol-Harwood, Dan McCammon, Philip H. H. Oakley, Takashi Okajima, Frederick Scott Porter, Carl D. Reintsema, John Rutherford, Tarek Saab, Kosuke Sato, Peter Serlemitsos, Stephen J. Smith, Yang Soong, Patrick Wikus

JATIS, Vol. 9, Issue 03, 034001, (July 2023) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.JATIS.9.3.034001

KEYWORDS: X-rays, Magnetism, Equipment, Rockets, Finite element methods, Niobium, Superconductors, Tunable filters, Cryostats, Calibration

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Proceedings Article | 31 August 2022 Poster + Paper

Poster + Paper

When less is more: the truncation of the optimal filter to reconstruct events in X-IFU/Athena-like TES detectors

M. Ceballos, N. Cardiel, B. Cobo, P. Peille, S. Smith, M. Witthoeft, M. Durkin

Proceedings Volume 12181, 1218145 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2631165

KEYWORDS: Optimal filtering, Sensors, X-rays, Photons, Reconstruction algorithms, X-ray detectors, Data acquisition, Time division multiplexing

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Proceedings Article | 31 August 2022 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

Design of the detection chain for Athena X-IFU

H. Geoffray, B. Jackson, S. Bandler, S. Smith, W. Doriese, M. Durkin, J. van der Kuur, B.-J. van Leeuwen, M. Kiviranta, D. Prêle, L. Ravera, Y. Parot, H. van Weers, J. W. den Herder, J. Adams, J. Chervenak, C. Reintsema, J. Ullom, F. Brachet, A. Ledot, P. Peille, D. Barret

Proceedings Volume 12181, 121810M (2022) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2629960

KEYWORDS: Amplifiers, Electronics, Multiplexers, Staring arrays, Time division multiplexing, Sensors, X-rays, Multiplexing, Connectors, Switching

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Proceedings Article | 4 January 2021 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

First operation of transition-edge sensors in space with the Micro-X sounding rocket

Joseph Adams, Robert Baker, Simon Bandler, Noëmie Bastidon, Meredith Danowski, William Doriese, Megan Eckart, Enectalí Figueroa-Feliciano, Joshua Fuhrman, David Goldfinger, Sarah N. Heine, Gene Hilton, Antonia J. Hubbard, Daniel Jardin, Richard Kelley, Caroline Kilbourne, Renée Manzagol-Harwood, Dan McCammon, Takashi Okajima, Frederick Porter, Carl Reintsema, Peter Serlemitsos, Stephen Smith, Patrick Wikus

Proceedings Volume 11454, 1145414 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2562645

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Rockets, Space sensors, Space operations, Signal to noise ratio, X-rays, Physics, Calibration, Calcium, Aerospace engineering

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Proceedings Article | 13 December 2020 Presentation

Presentation

Frequency domain multiplexing technology of transition-edge sensors for x-ray astronomy

Hiroki Akamatsu, Davide Vaccaro, Luciano Gottardi, Jan van der Kuur, Cor de Vries, Simon Bandler, Marcel Bruijn, James Chervenak, Matteo D'Andrea, Jian-Rong Gao, Jan-Willem den Herder, Ruud W. Hoogeveen, Mikko Kiviranta, Anton van der Linden, Brian Jackson, Antoine Miniussi, Kenichiro Nagayoshi, Kevin Ravensberg, Marcel Ridder, Kazuhiro Sakai, Stephen Smith, Emanuele Taralli, Sven Visser, Nicholas Wakeham, Martin de Wit

Proceedings Volume 11444, 114440Y (2020) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2561271

KEYWORDS: Multiplexing, Sensors, Fused deposition modeling, Sensor technology, X-ray astronomy, X-rays, Resonators, Observatories, Quantum efficiency, Spectral resolution

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Proceedings Article | 13 December 2020 Presentation

Presentation

Conceptual design of the detection chain for the X-IFU on Athena

Hervé Geoffray, Brian Jackson, Simon Bandler, W. Bertrand Doriese, Mikko Kirivanta, Damien Prêle, Laurent Ravera, Andrea Argan, Marco Barbera, Jan van der Kuur, Bert Joost van Leeuwen, Henk van Weers, Ruud Hoogeveen, Jan-Willem den herder, Stephen Smith, Joe Adams, James Chervenak, Malcom Durkin, Carl Reintsema, Joel Ullom, Yann Parot, Didier Barret, Claudio Macculi, Luigi Piro, Frank Brachet, Aurélien Ledot

Proceedings Volume 11444, 114440X (2020) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2563628

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Detector arrays, Electronics, Environmental sensing, Aerospace engineering, Multiplexing, Fused deposition modeling

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SPIE Journal Paper | 31 May 2019 Open Access

Open Access

Lynx x-ray microcalorimeter

Simon Bandler, James Chervenak, Aaron Datesman, Archana Devasia, Michael DiPirro, Kazuhiro Sakai, Stephen Smith, Thomas Stevenson, Wonsik Yoon, Douglas Bennett, Benjamin Mates, Daniel Swetz, Joel Ullom, Kent Irwin, Megan Eckart, Enectali Figueroa-Feliciano, Dan McCammon, Kevin Ryu, Jeffrey Olson, Ben Zeiger

JATIS, Vol. 5, Issue 02, 021017, (May 2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.JATIS.5.2.021017

KEYWORDS: X-rays, Sensors, Field effect transistors, Electronics, Microwave radiation, Staring arrays, Prototyping, Image resolution, Cryocoolers, Superconductors

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SPIE Journal Paper | 9 April 2019 Open Access

Open Access

Magnetic calorimeter option for the Lynx x-ray microcalorimeter

Thomas Stevenson, Manuel Balvin, Simon Bandler, Archana Devasia, Peter Nagler, Kevin Ryu, Stephen Smith, Wonsik Yoon

JATIS, Vol. 5, Issue 02, 021009, (April 2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.JATIS.5.2.021009

KEYWORDS: Sensors, X-rays, Inductance, Magnetic sensors, Niobium, Magnetism, Superconductors, Gold, Prototyping, Microwave radiation

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SPIE Journal Paper | 8 April 2019 Open Access

Open Access

Multiabsorber transition-edge sensors for x-ray astronomy

Stephen J. Smith, Joseph Adams, Simon Bandler, James Chervenak, Aaron Datesman, Megan Eckart, Fred Finkbeiner, Ruslan Hummatov, Richard Kelley, Caroline Kilbourne, Antoine Miniussi, Frederick Porter, John Sadleir, Kazuhiro Sakai, Nicholas Wakeham, Edward Wassell

JATIS, Vol. 5, Issue 02, 021008, (April 2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.JATIS.5.2.021008

KEYWORDS: Sensors, X-rays, X-ray astronomy, Image resolution, Gold, Lithium, Phonons, Signal to noise ratio, Digital filtering, Resistance

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SPIE Journal Paper | 22 March 2019 Open Access

Open Access

Microwave SQUID multiplexing for the Lynx x-ray microcalorimeter

Douglas Bennett, John A. Mates, Simon Bandler, Daniel Becker, Joseph Fowler, Johnathon Gard, Gene Hilton, Kent Irwin, Kelsey Morgan, Carl Reintsema, Kazuhiro Sakai, Daniel Schmidt, Stephen Smith, Daniel Swetz, Joel Ullom, Leila Vale, Abigail Wessels

JATIS, Vol. 5, Issue 02, 021007, (March 2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.JATIS.5.2.021007

KEYWORDS: Microwave radiation, Multiplexing, Resonators, Sensors, X-rays, Multiplexers, Modulation, Field effect transistors, Inductance, Time division multiplexing

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Proceedings Article | 31 July 2018 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

The ATHENA X-ray Integral Field Unit (X-IFU)

Didier Barret, Thien Lam Trong, Jan-Willem den Herder, Luigi Piro, Massimo Cappi, Juhani Houvelin, Richard Kelley, J. Miguel Mas-Hesse, Kazuhisa Mitsuda, Stéphane Paltani, Gregor Rauw, Agata Rozanska, Joern Wilms, Simon Bandler, Marco Barbera, Xavier Barcons, Enrico Bozzo, Maria Teresa Ceballos, Ivan Charles, Elisa Costantini, Anne Decourchelle, Roland den Hartog, Lionel Duband, Jean-Marc Duval, Fabrizio Fiore, Flavio Gatti, Andrea Goldwurm, Brian Jackson, Peter Jonker, Caroline Kilbourne, Claudio Macculi, Mariano Mendez, Silvano Molendi, Piotr Orleanski, François Pajot, Etienne Pointecouteau, Frederick Porter, Gabriel Pratt, Damien Prêle, Laurent Ravera, Kosuke Sato, Joop Schaye, Keisuke Shinozaki, Tanguy Thibert, Luca Valenziano, Véronique Valette, Jacco Vink, Natalie Webb, Michael Wise, Noriko Yamasaki, Françoise Douchin, Jean-Michel Mesnager, Bernard Pontet, Alice Pradines, Graziella Branduardi-Raymont, Esra Bulbul, Mauro Dadina, Stefano Ettori, Alexis Finoguenov, Yasushi Fukazawa, Agnieszka Janiuk, Jelle Kaastra, Pasquale Mazzotta, Jon Miller, Giovanni Miniutti, Yael Naze, Fabrizio Nicastro, Salavtore Scioritino, Aurora Simonescu, Jose Miguel Torrejon, Benoit Frezouls, Hervé Geoffray, Philippe Peille, Corinne Aicardi, Jérôme André, Christophe Daniel, Antoine Clénet, Christophe Etcheverry, Emilie Gloaguen, Gilles Hervet, Antoine Jolly, Aurélien Ledot, Irwin Paillet, Roseline Schmisser, Bruno Vella, Jean-Charles Damery, Kevin Boyce, Mike Dipirro, Simone Lotti, Denis Schwander, Stephen Smith, Bert-Joost Van Leeuwen, Henk van Weers, Nicolas Clerc, Beatriz Cobo, Thomas Dauser, Christian Kirsch, Edoardo Cucchetti, Megan Eckart, Philippe Ferrando, Lorenzo Natalucci

Proceedings Volume 10699, 106991G (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2312409

KEYWORDS: Spectral resolution, X-rays, Sensors, Cryogenics, Optical filters, Wind energy, Electronics, X-ray astronomy, Mirrors, X-ray sources

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Proceedings Article | 10 July 2018 Presentation

Presentation

Development of frequency domain multiplexing for the x-ray Integral Field Unit (X-IFU) (Conference Presentation)

Hiroki Akamatsu, L. Gottardi, J. van der Kuur, C.P. de Vries, M. Bruijn, J. Chervenak, M. Kiviranta, A. van den Linden, B. Jackson, A. Miniussi, K. Sakai, S. Smith, N. Wakeham

Proceedings Volume 10699, 106991N (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2313284

KEYWORDS: Fused deposition modeling, Multiplexing, X-rays, Sensors, Resonators, Performance modeling, Observatories, Quantum efficiency, Spectral resolution, Electronics

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Proceedings Article | 10 July 2018 Presentation

Presentation

The Design of the Lynx x-ray microcalorimeter (LXM) (Conference Presentation)

Simon Bandler, Michael DiPirro, Megan Eckart, Kazuhiro Sakai, Stephen Smith, Wonsik Yoon, Douglas Bennett, Ben J. Mates, Daniel Swetz, Joel Ullom, Kent Irwin, Dan McCammon, Enectali Figueroa-Feliciano, Kevin Ryu, Ben Zeiger, Jeffrey Olson

Proceedings Volume 10699, 1069913 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2314079

KEYWORDS: X-rays, Image resolution, X-ray optics, Oxygen, Amplifiers, Cryogenics, X-ray telescopes, Satellites, X-ray imaging, Spectroscopy

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Lynx is an x-ray telescope that is one of four large satellite mission concepts currently being studied by NASA to be the next flagship mission. One of Lynx’s three instruments is the Lynx X-ray Microcalorimeter (LXM), an imaging spectrometer placed at the focus of an x-ray optic with 0.5 arc-second angular resolution and approximately 2 m2 area at 1 keV. It will be used for a wide variety of observations, and the driving performance requirements are met through different sub-regions of the array. It will provide an energy resolution of better than 3 eV over the energy range of 0.2 to 7 keV, with pixels sizes that vary in scale from 0.5 to 1 arc-seconds in the inner 5 arc-minute field-of-view, and to 5 arc-seconds in the extended 20 arc-minute field-of-view. The Main Array consists mostly of 1 arc-second pixels in the central 5 arc-minutes with less than 3 eV energy resolution (FWHM) in the energy range of 0.2 to 7 keV. It is enhanced in the inner 1 arc-minute region with 0.5 arc-second pixels that will better sample the point spread function of the X-ray optic. The inner 5 arc-minute region is designed specifically for the observations related to cosmic feedback studies, investigating the interactions of AGN with the local regions surrounding them. The 0.5" pixel size allows detailed studies of winds and jets on a finer angular scale. It is also optimized for spatially resolved measurements of cluster cores. The outer regions of the array are designed to operate during a completely different set of observations. The Extended Array will be utilized for surveys over large regions of the sky, the 20 arc-minute field-of-view making it practical to make observations of the soft diffuse emission from larger scale-structure such as extended galaxies, the outer regions of galaxy groups and clusters and also cosmic filaments. This array is optimized for high energy resolution up to 2 keV through the use of thin (0.5 um) gold absorbers. The Ultra-High-Res Array is designed specifically to enable the study turbulent line broadening around individual through the study of the highly ionized oxygen lines. It is optimized for energy resolution for the oxygen VII and VIII lines, with better than 0.4 eV energy resolution. In this paper we present the design of the baseline configuration and the scientific motivation. We discuss the technologies that are being developed for this instrument, in particular the transition-edge sensor (TES) and metallic magnetic calorimeter (MMC) sensor technologies. We place these technologies in the context of the required energy resolution, energy range, pixel size, and count-rate, as well as strategies for the pixel layout and wiring. We will discuss the use of microwave SQUIDs, HEMT amplifiers, and parametric amplifiers for the read-out and the implications for the cryogenic design. We also describe the design of the full instrument, including the strawman cryogenic design, as well as an estimate for the mass, power and data rate.

Proceedings Article | 10 July 2018 Presentation

Presentation

Time- and code-division SQUID multiplexing options for ATHENA X-IFU (Conference Presentation)

Joel Ullom, J. Adams, B. Alpert, S. Bandler, D. Bennett, S. Chaudhuri, J. Chervenak, E. Denison, C. Dawson, W. Doriese, M. Durkin, J. Fowler, J Gard, G. Hilton, K. Irwin, Y. Joe, C. Kilbourne, J. Mates, K. Morgan, G. O'Neil, C. Reintsema, D. Schmidt, S. Smith, D. Swetz, C. Titus, L. Vale, B. Young

Proceedings Volume 10699, 106991P (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2314111

KEYWORDS: X-rays, Time division multiplexing, Code division multiplexing, Multiplexing, Sensors, Multiplexers, Gamma radiation, Synchrotrons, Light sources, Spectrometers

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SQUID Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a technique for the readout of arrays of Transition-Edge Sensors (TESs) for x-ray and gamma-ray science. TDM has been deployed in many recent 250-pixel-scale instruments including at synchrotron light sources and particle-accelerator facilities, as well as in table-top experiments. Two TES spectrometers employing TDM readout will soon be deployed to electron-beam ion-trap facilities. TDM is also under development as a back-up readout option for the X-ray Integral Field Unit (X-IFU) of the Athena satellite mission. The 3,840 TES pixels of the X-IFU will enable efficient, high resolution spectroscopy (2.5 eV FWHM at 7 keV) of extended astrophysical sources. Multiplexing factors of 40 or more sensors per readout column are planned for the X-IFU. To advance the maturity of TDM readout for Athena, we are creating a focal-plane assembly for the readout of 960 TES pixels in a 24 column by 40 row configuration. We will describe the design and experimental progress on this technology demonstrator. In a TDM system, each dc-biased TES has its own first-stage SQUID. Rows of these first-stage-SQUIDs are turned on and off sequentially such that the signal from only one TES at a time per readout column is passed to a series-array SQUID, to a room-temperature preamplifier, and to digital-feedback electronics. Recent implementations of TDM have a row period of 160 ns and non-multiplexed amplifier noise of 0.19 micro-Phi_0/sqrt(Hz) referred to the first-stage SQUID. Some benchmark demonstrations of TDM with x-ray TES sensors include achievement of 2.55 eV FWHM energy resolution at 5.9 keV in a 32-row, 1-column configuration. Here, the fastest slew rates in the TES currents were similar to those of the X-IFU “LPA2” detector model. We have also achieved 2.72 eV FWHM resolution in a 32-row, 6-column configuration that contained 144 high-quality TESs that were similar to the much faster X-IFU “LPA1” pixels. We will describe on-going efforts to read out TDM arrays at the 6x32 scale and larger, as well as efforts to improve the performance of TDM system subcomponents. We will also describe system-level performance metrics such as cross-talk. SQUID Code-Division Multiplexing (CDM) is closely related to TDM but has important performance advantages. CDM and TDM operation are similar with the main difference being that in CDM, all TESs are observed by the multiplexer at all times, with the polarity of the TES signals switched between rows. Because all TESs are observed by the multiplexer at all times, the sqrt(N_rows) noise-aliasing degradation inherent to TDM is eliminated. We are developing flux-summing CDM to be drop-in compatible with existing TDM systems. The most recent CDM implementation has a nonmultiplexed noise level of 0.17 micro-Phi_0/sqrt(Hz) referred to the first-stage SQUID and a row period of 160 ns. We have demonstrated 2.77 eV FWM resolution at 5.9 keV in 32-row, 1-column CDM test.

Proceedings Article | 10 July 2018 Presentation

Presentation

The focal plane assembly for the ATHENA x-ray integral field unit instrument (Conference Presentation)

Brian Jackson, Roland den Hartog, Jan van der Kuur, Henk van Weers, Hiroki Akamatsu, Andrea Argan, Simon Bandler, Marco Barbera, Didier Barret, Marcel Bruijn, James Chervenak, Johannes Dercksen, Flavio Gatti, Herve Geoffray, Luciano Gottardi, Jan-Willem den Herder, Ruud Hoogeveen, Caroline Kilbourne, Mikko Kiviranta, Bert-Joost van Leeuwen, Dennis van Loon, Claudio Macculi, Jean-Michel Mesnager, Phillipe Peille, Luigi Piro, Stephen Smith, Francoise Douchin

Proceedings Volume 10699, 106991O (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2313980

KEYWORDS: Sensors, X-rays, Staring arrays, X-ray imaging, Environmental sensing, Observatories, Spectral resolution, Superconductors, Electronics, Particles

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Proceedings Article | 10 July 2018 Presentation

Presentation

Transition-edge sensor array development for the ATHENA x-ray itegral field unit (Conference Presentation)

Stephen Smith, Joesph Adams, Simon Bandler, James Chervenak, Megan Eckart, Fred Finkbeiner, Richard Kelley, Caroline Kilbourne, Antoine Miniussi, F. Scott Porter, John Sadleir, Kazuhiro Sakai, Nicholas Wakeham, Edward Wassell, Wonsik Yoon, Hiroki Akamatsu, Luciano Gottardi, Roland den Hartog, Brian Jackson, Jan van der Kuur

Proceedings Volume 10699, 106991L (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2313428

KEYWORDS: X-rays, Sensors, Transition metals, Observatories, Spectral resolution, Multiplexing, Fused deposition modeling, Telescopes, Metals

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The X-ray integral field unit (X-IFU) proposed for ESA’s Athena X-ray observatory will consist of 3840 transition edge sensor (TES) microcalorimeters optimized for the energy range of 0.2 to 12 keV. The instrument will provide unprecedented spectral resolution of ~ 2.5 eV at energies of up to 7 keV and will accommodate photon fluxes of 10’s mcrab (1000’s cps). Over the past two years the baseline configuration has evolved from the original proposal. The current baseline consists of a uniform large pixel array (LPA) of 5” pixels, AC-biased within their superconducting-to-normal transition and read out using frequency domain multiplexing (FDM). The baseline pixel design is approximately a factor of two times slower than in the original concept. High count-rate accommodation, needed for bright point source observations, is now achieved by defocusing the telescope optic to spread the photons over a larger number of pixels. In this paper we report on Mo/Au TES designs that are being optimized to meet the baseline pixel parameters and performance goals. This includes detailed studies on the optimization of the thermal heat sink and the impact of different TES geometries (including TES size and normal metal feature geometries) on the DC-biased transition shape. We discuss how these geometric effects ultimately impact important performance metrics such as energy resolution, decay time, slew-rate and array scale uniformity. Our Mo/Au TESs have historically been designed and optimized for DC-biased operation, however, the primary readout technology uses an AC drive to bias the TES. Depending upon the drive frequency, the AC bias affects the TES transition shape in two ways. Firstly, due to losses from the bias current coupling to metallic components in close proximity to the TES and secondly introducing fine structure in the transition due to Josephson effects. We present latest pixel design optimizations targeted at mitigating these frequency dependent effects in order to achieve commensurate performance with that obtained in the DC case.

Proceedings Article | 6 July 2018 Paper

Paper

Testing the X-IFU calibration requirements: an example for quantum efficiency and energy resolution

Edoardo Cucchetti, François Pajot, Etienne Pointecouteau, Philippe Peille, Gabriele Betancourt-Martinez, Stephen Smith, Marco Barbera, Megan Eckart, Simon Bandler, Caroline Kilbourne, Massimo Cappi, Didier Barret

Proceedings Volume 10699, 106994O (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2312188

KEYWORDS: Quantum efficiency, Calibration, Sensors, Error analysis, X-rays

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Proceedings Article | 6 July 2018 Paper

Paper

The performance of the ATHENA X-ray Integral Field Unit

Philippe Peille, Roland den Hartog, Claudio Macculi, Marco Barbera, Simone Lotti, Edoardo Cucchetti, Christian Kirsch, Thomas Dauser, Joern Wilms, Simon Bandler, Stephen Smith, Brian Jackson, Hervé Geoffray, Jean-Michel Mesnager, François Pajot, Didier Barret, Thien Lam-Trong, Jan-Willem den Herder, Luigi Piro

Proceedings Volume 10699, 106994K (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2313720

KEYWORDS: X-rays, Sensors, Quantum efficiency, Mirrors, Optical filters, Image resolution, Contamination, Electronics, Device simulation, Performance modeling

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Proceedings Article | 26 August 2016 Paper

Paper

Status of the micro-X sounding rocket x-ray spectrometer

D. Goldfinger, J. Adams, R. Baker, S. Bandler, M. Danowski, W. Doriese, M. Eckart, E. Figueroa-Feliciano, G. Hilton, A. J. Hubbard, R. Kelley, C. Kilbourne, D. McCammon, T. Okajima, F. Porter, C. Reintsema, P. Serlemitsos, S. Smith, S. N. T. Heine, P. Wikus

Proceedings Volume 9905, 99054S (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2233299

KEYWORDS: Rockets, X-ray telescopes, Sensors, X-rays, Image resolution, Electronics, Multiplexers, Multiplexing, Spectroscopy, X-ray astronomy

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Proceedings Article | 17 August 2016 Paper

Paper

The Athena X-ray Integral Field Unit (X-IFU)

Didier Barret, Thien Lam Trong, Jan-Willem den Herder, Luigi Piro, Xavier Barcons, Juhani Huovelin, Richard Kelley, J. Miguel Mas-Hesse, Kazuhisa Mitsuda, Stéphane Paltani, Gregor Rauw, Agata Rożanska, Joern Wilms, Marco Barbera, Enrico Bozzo, Maria Teresa Ceballos, Ivan Charles, Anne Decourchelle, Roland den Hartog, Jean-Marc Duval, Fabrizio Fiore, Flavio Gatti, Andrea Goldwurm, Brian Jackson, Peter Jonker, Caroline Kilbourne, Claudio Macculi, Mariano Mendez, Silvano Molendi, Piotr Orleanski, François Pajot, Etienne Pointecouteau, Frederick Porter, Gabriel Pratt, Damien Prêle, Laurent Ravera, Etienne Renotte, Joop Schaye, Keisuke Shinozaki, Luca Valenziano, Jacco Vink, Natalie Webb, Noriko Yamasaki, Françoise Delcelier-Douchin, Michel Le Du, Jean-Michel Mesnager, Alice Pradines, Graziella Branduardi-Raymont, Mauro Dadina, Alexis Finoguenov, Yasushi Fukazawa, Agnieszka Janiuk, Jon Miller, Yaël Nazé, Fabrizio Nicastro, Salvatore Sciortino, Jose Miguel Torrejon, Hervé Geoffray, Isabelle Hernandez, Laure Luno, Philippe Peille, Jérôme André, Christophe Daniel, Christophe Etcheverry, Emilie Gloaguen, Jérémie Hassin, Gilles Hervet, Irwin Maussang, Jérôme Moueza, Alexis Paillet, Bruno Vella, Gonzalo Campos Garrido, Jean-Charles Damery, Chantal Panem, Johan Panh, Simon Bandler, Jean-Marc Biffi, Kevin Boyce, Antoine Clénet, Michael DiPirro, Pierre Jamotton, Simone Lotti, Denis Schwander, Stephen Smith, Bert-Joost van Leeuwen, Henk van Weers, Thorsten Brand, Beatriz Cobo, Thomas Dauser, Jelle de Plaa, Edoardo Cucchetti

Proceedings Volume 9905, 99052F (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2232432

KEYWORDS: X-rays, Sensors, Spectral resolution, Stars, Electronics, Galactic astronomy, Iron, Calibration, Signal to noise ratio, Staring arrays

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Proceedings Article | 26 July 2016 Paper

Paper

The impact of crosstalk in the X-IFU instrument on Athena science cases

R. den Hartog, P. Peille, T. Dauser, B. Jackson, S. Bandler, D. Barret, T. Brand, J.-W. den Herder, M. Kiviranta, J. van der Kuur, S. Smith, J. Wilms

Proceedings Volume 9905, 99055T (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2232098

KEYWORDS: Sensors, X-rays, Signal detection, Detector arrays, Bridges, Silicon, Magnetism, X-ray detectors, Manufacturing, Magnetic sensors

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Proceedings Article | 20 July 2016 Paper

Paper

Transition-edge sensor pixel parameter design of the microcalorimeter array for the x-ray integral field unit on Athena

S. Smith, J. Adams, S. Bandler, G. Betancourt-Martinez, J. Chervenak, M. Chiao, M. Eckart, F. Finkbeiner, R. Kelley, C. Kilbourne, A. Miniussi, F. Porter, J. Sadleir, K. Sakai, N. Wakeham, E. Wassell, W. Yoon, D. Bennett, W. Doriese, J. Fowler, G. Hilton, K. Morgan, C. Pappas, C. Reintsema, D. Swetz, J. Ullom, K. Irwin, H. Akamatsu, L. Gottardi, R. den Hartog, B. Jackson, J. van der Kuur, D. Barret, P. Peille

Proceedings Volume 9905, 99052H (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2231749

KEYWORDS: X-rays, Sensors, Multiplexing, Sensors, Staring arrays, Cryogenics, Helium, Magnetism, Photons, Temperature metrology, Resistance

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Proceedings Article | 19 July 2016 Paper

Paper

Development of frequency domain multiplexing for the X-ray Integral Field unit (X-IFU) on the Athena

Hiroki Akamatsu, Luciano Gottardi, Jan van der Kuur, Cor de Vries, Kevin Ravensberg, Joseph Adams, Simon Bandler, Marcel Bruijn, James Chervenak, Caroline Kilbourne, Mikko Kiviranta, A. J. van der Linden, Brian Jackson, Stephen Smith

Proceedings Volume 9905, 99055S (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2232805

KEYWORDS: X-rays, Sensors, Particles, Electrons, Photons, Monte Carlo methods, Solar energy, Magnetism, Bismuth, Mirrors

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Proceedings Article | 19 July 2016 Paper

Paper

Development of x-ray microcalorimeter imaging spectrometers for the X-ray Surveyor mission concept

Simon Bandler, Joseph Adams, James Chervenak, Aaron Datesman, Megan Eckart, Fred Finkbeiner, Richard Kelley, Caroline Kilbourne, Gabriele Betancourt-Martinez, Antoine Miniussi, Frederick Porter, John Sadleir, Kazuhiro Sakai, Stephen Smith, Thomas Stevenson, Nicholas Wakeham, Edward Wassell, Wonsik Yoon, Dan Becker, Douglas Bennett, William Doriese, Joseph Fowler, Johnathan Gard, Gene Hilton, Benjamin Mates, Kelsey Morgan, Carl Reintsema, Daniel Swetz, Joel Ullom, Saptarshi Chaudhuri, Kent Irwin, Sang-Jun Lee, Alexey Vikhlinin

Proceedings Volume 9905, 99050Q (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2232156

KEYWORDS: Sensors, X-rays, Tantalum, Superconductors, Computer aided design, Silver, Matrices, Field effect transistors, Electronics, Spectral resolution

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Proceedings Article | 19 July 2016 Paper

Paper

TESSIM: a simulator for the Athena-X-IFU

J. Wilms, S. Smith, P. Peille, M. T. Ceballos, B. Cobo, T. Dauser, T. Brand, R. den Hartog, S. Bandler, J. de Plaa, J.-W. den Herder

Proceedings Volume 9905, 990564 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2234435

KEYWORDS: Sensors, X-ray detectors, X-rays, Astronomy, Photons, Monte Carlo methods, Device simulation, Resistance, Spatial resolution, Cerium

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Proceedings Article | 19 July 2016 Paper

Paper

The focal plane assembly for the Athena X-ray Integral Field Unit instrument

B. Jackson, H. van Weers, J. van der Kuur, R. den Hartog, H. Akamatsu, A. Argan, S. Bandler, M. Barbera, D. Barret, M. Bruijn, J. Chervenak, J. Dercksen, F. Gatti, L. Gottardi, D. Haas, J.-W. den Herder, C. Kilbourne, M. Kiviranta, T. Lam-Trong, B.-J. van Leeuwen, C. Macculi, L. Piro, S. Smith

Proceedings Volume 9905, 99052I (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2232544

KEYWORDS: Staring arrays, Sensors, Electronics, X-rays, Sensors, Amplifiers, Magnetic sensors, Magnetism, Multiplexing, Particles, Superconductors

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Proceedings Article | 11 July 2016 Paper

Paper

Performance assessment of different pulse reconstruction algorithms for the ATHENA X-ray Integral Field Unit

Philippe Peille, Maria Teresa Ceballos, Beatriz Cobo, Joern Wilms, Simon Bandler, Stephen Smith, Thomas Dauser, Thorsten Brand, Roland den Hartog, Jelle de Plaa, Didier Barret, Jan-Willem den Herder, Luigi Piro, Xavier Barcons, Etienne Pointecouteau

Proceedings Volume 9905, 99055W (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2232011

KEYWORDS: Reconstruction algorithms, X-rays, Sensors, Reconstruction algorithms, X-rays, Resistance, Calibration, Inductance, Matrices, Signal processing, Image resolution, Interference (communication)

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Proceedings Article | 25 September 2014 Paper

Paper

The transition-edge EBIT microcalorimeter spectrometer

Gabriele Betancourt-Martinez, Joseph Adams, Simon Bandler, Peter Beiersdorfer, Gregory Brown, James Chervenak, Randy Doriese, Megan Eckart, Kent Irwin, Richard Kelley, Caroline Kilbourne, Maurice Leutenegger, F. Porter, Carl Reintsema, Stephen Smith, Joel Ullom

Proceedings Volume 9144, 91443U (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2055568

KEYWORDS: Transmission electron microscopy, Spectroscopy, Ions, Sensors, Electron beams, X-rays, Image resolution, Multiplexing, Time division multiplexing, Superconductors

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Proceedings Article | 26 September 2013 Paper

Paper

Designing the x-ray microcalorimeter spectrometer for optimal science return

Andrew Ptak, Simon Bandler, Jay Bookbinder, Richard Kelley, Robert Petre, Randall Smith, Stephen Smith

Proceedings Volume 8859, 885903 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2024423

KEYWORDS: X-rays, Sensors, Spectral resolution, Spectroscopy, X-ray imaging, Point spread functions, Image resolution, Galactic astronomy, X-ray astronomy, Observatories

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Proceedings Article | 30 July 2010 Paper

Paper

High-spectral resolution high-cadence imaging x-ray microcalorimeters for solar physics

Simon Bandler, Catherine Bailey, Jay Bookbinder, Edward DeLuca, Jay Chervenak, Megan Eckart, Fred Finkbeiner, Daniel Kelley, Richard Kelley, Caroline Kilbourne, Frederick Porter, John Sadleir, Stephen Smith, Randall Smith

Proceedings Volume 7732, 773238 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.857783

KEYWORDS: X-rays, Sensors, Solar processes, Plasma, Image resolution, Solar energy, Gold, Imaging spectroscopy, Rockets, X-ray imaging

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Proceedings Article | 15 July 2008 Paper

Paper

Development of arrays of position-sensitive microcalorimeters for Constellation-X

Stephen Smith, Simon Bandler, Regis Brekosky, Ari-D. Brown, James Chervenak, Megan Eckart, Enectali Figueroa-Feliciano, Fred Finkbeiner, Richard Kelley, Caroline Kilbourne, F. Scott Porter, John Sadleir

Proceedings Volume 7011, 701126 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.790100

KEYWORDS: Image resolution, Semiconducting wafers, Sensors, Tellurium, Gold, X-rays, Composites, Bismuth, Optimal filtering, Silicon

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Proceedings Article | 14 July 2008 Paper

Paper

Multiplexed readout of uniform arrays of TES x-ray microcalorimeters suitable for Constellation-X

Caroline Kilbourne, W. Bertrand Doriese, Simon Bandler, Regis Brekosky, Ari-David Brown, James Chervenak, Megan Eckart, Fred Finkbeiner, Gene Hilton, Kent Irwin, Naoko Iyomoto, Richard Kelley, F. Scott Porter, Carl Reintsema, Stephen Smith, Joel Ullom

Proceedings Volume 7011, 701104 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.790027

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Multiplexing, Multiplexers, Image resolution, X-rays, Superconductors, Terbium, Signal to noise ratio, Inductance, Staring arrays

Read Abstract +

Following our development of a superconducting transition-edge-sensor (TES) microcalorimeter design that en- ables reproducible, high performance (routinely better than 3 eV FWHM energy resolution at 6 keV) and is compatible with high-fill-factor arrays, we have directed our efforts towards demonstrating arrays of identical pixels using the multiplexed read-out concept needed for instrumenting the Constellation-X X-ray Microcalorime- ter Spectrometer (XMS) focal plane array. We have used a state-of-the-art, time-division SQUID multiplexer system to demonstrate 2 ×8 multiplexing (16 pixels read out with two signal channels) with an acceptably modest level of degradation in the energy resolution. The average resolution for the 16 multiplexed pixels was 2.9 eV, and the distribution of resolution values had a relative standard deviation of 5%. The performance of the array while multiplexed is well understood. The technical path to realizing multiplexing for the XMS instrument on the scale of 32 pixels per signal channel includes increasing the system bandwidth by a factor of four and reducing the non-multiplexed SQUID noise by a factor of two. In this paper we discuss the characteristics of a uniform 8 ×8 array and its performance when read out non- multiplexed and with various degrees of multiplexing. We present data acquired through the readout chain from the multiplexer electronics, through the real-time demultiplexer software, to storage for later signal processing. We also report on a demonstration of real-time data processing. Finally, because the multiplexer provides unprecedented simultaneous access to the pixels of the array, we were able to measure the array-scale uniformity of TES calorimeter parameters such as the individual thermal conductances and superconducting transition temperatures of the pixels. Detector uniformity is essential for optimal operation of a multiplexed array, and we found that the distributions of thermal conductances, transition temperatures, and transition slopes were sufficiently tight to avoid significant compromises in the operation of any pixel.

Proceedings Article | 18 September 2007 Paper

Paper

Uniform high spectral resolution demonstrated in arrays of TES x-ray microcalorimeters

Caroline Kilbourne, Simon Bandler, Ari -D. Brown, James Chervenak, Enectali Figueroa-Feliciano, Fred Finkbeiner, Naoko Iyomoto, Richard Kelley, F. Scott Porter, Stephen Smith

Proceedings Volume 6686, 668606 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.734830

KEYWORDS: X-rays, Gold, Sensors, Bismuth, Resistance, Superconductors, Spectral resolution, Quantum efficiency, Temperature metrology, Interference (communication)

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Showing 5 of 44 publications

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