A novel vibration detection system based on directly modulated chirped pulses and a grating pair is proposed. Information of the vibration is obtained by demodulating the phase change of the interference fringes from reflection of the grating pair. The system has an operating frequency range of 1 Hz to 30 kHz, and the difference in frequency response between the system and a commercial accelerometer is less than 1%. This vibration detection system provides a sensitive and high-speed vibration detection scheme with a wide frequency range. At the same time, it has the advantages of low cost and simple structure, making it an attractive option for various applications.
A wavelength scanning scheme enabled by phase-shifted fiber Bragg grating (PS-FBG) is proposed for gas absorption spectroscopy based on optical frequency comb (OFC). The PS-FBG works as an ultra-narrow bandpass optical filter to generate the gas sensing laser probe. To obtain the gas absorption signal, the electronical frequency beating and lock-in amplification are successively performed with the continuous tuning of the PS-FBG by using a piezo transducer (PZT). The intermediate beat note is monitored in real time for lock-in frequency compensation against the repetition frequency drift of the OFC. A carbon monoxide (CO) sensing system in direct absorption spectroscopy (DAS) configuration is developed based on a free-running fiber laser frequency comb. A triangular-wave PZT driving signal of 5 Hz is used for periodical spectrum scanning. At an intermediate beat note of ~ 50 kHz, the DAS signal is obtained with a lock-in constant of 200 μs. The CO detection limit of 0.356% for an integration time of 0.4 s and the minimum detectable absorbance of ~ 0.0021 are achieved, which indicate a better sensitivity performance.
An optical gas sensing method without absorption spectrum scanning is proposed based on optical frequency comb (OFC). The light emission of OFC goes through a narrow-band-pass optical filter to target a molecular absorption line, and intensity of the transmitted laser pulse through the gas medium is measured for absorbance detection. For measurement of this high-speed pulse, a two-stage frequency down-conversion scheme including electronical frequency beating and lockin amplification is employed. A dual-channel optical path with light-gas interaction cell and reference light channel is configured for normalization of the light signal to suppress the intensity noise. Meanwhile, the beat frequency of the reference light channel is tracked and fed to the lock-in amplifier as a real-time frequency compensation, to further stabilize the sensing system. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is chosen as the gas under test by filtering the output spectrum of a fiber laser frequency comb at ~ 1572.33 nm with a bandwidth of 0.1 nm. The high repetition frequency of ~ 41 MHz is downconverted to ~ 50kHz and the generated beat note is then lock-in amplified to calculate the CO2 concentration. After calibration within the concentration range of 0% - 30%, stability of the system is evaluated. According to an Allan deviation analysis based on a long-term zero-gas measurement, the minimum detectable absorbance is ~ 0.0031 for an integration time of 0.1 s. Then a repeatability test indicates a high detection linearity of 0.99953.
Thin film lithium niobite on insulator (LNOI) is attracting intensive attention in the field of integrated photonics owing to multiple advantages such as wide transparent window, low optical loss, high electro-optic coefficients and wafer-scale processing capability. On-chip integrated photonic devices based on LNOI promise low manufacturing cost and high performances. Meanwhile, compared with the conventional integrated photonics materials (Si, SiN, InP and so on), optical anisotropy of LNOI is presented as an outstanding feature which demands extra care for opto-electronics application but also provides the opportunity to develop novel devices. Refractive index of LNOI may change significantly depending on light propagation direction, wafer crystal orientation and polarization. Here, we investigate waveguide mode hybridization and mutual conversion in ridge waveguide on X-cut thin film LNOI. Properties of fundamental modes as well as higher-order modes are analyzed with varied structural parameters and propagation direction systematically by numerical simulation. It is found that, while mode conversion between two fundamental polarized modes is rather weak, conversion efficiency between TM0 and TE1 can be quite high in a bent waveguide. A mode convertor based on 90° bend is thus proposed, which converts TM0 mode to TE1 mode with an efficiency over 90% due to the strong optical anisotropy of LNOI. An optimized structure that replaces no-coupling arc section with smaller-radius one is also demonstrated with reduced size. Such mode converter using bent waveguide with anisotropy may find applications on novel LNOI photonic circuits and devices.
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