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Lensless two-photon imaging through a multicore fiber with coherence-gated digital phase conjugation
Single micro-droplets of diameter 70-80 μm were produced on demand with inks of viscosity 0.6-9 mPa.s with good controllability and reproducibility, thus enabling to print two-dimensional patterns with a precision of 13 μm. Furthermore, the primary droplet produced with the most viscous fluid was about 66% of the capillary diameter. Preliminary results also showed that the process is linearly scalable to narrower capillaries (100-200 μm), thus paving the way for a compact laser-assisted inkjet printer. A possible application of the device would be additive manufacturing as the printed patterns could be consequently cured.
Here, we demonstrate two-photon excitation imaging of fluorescent beads through a multimode optical fiber. We show that our method maintains the advantages of two-photon excitation microscopy compared to single-photon excitation such as reduced photo-bleaching, deeper penetration depth and sectioning capability. Our method is based on time-gated digital phase conjugation, which allows the generation of focused pulses on the other side of a multimode fiber. To acquire an image, the focused femtosecond pulse is scanned in a three-dimensional mesh, producing two-photon excitation on each spatial location of the sample. By collecting the fluorescence through the fiber, a 3D two-photon image is reconstructed.
We present a method based on digital phase conjugation to selectively excite in a multimode fiber specific optical fiber modes that follow similar optical paths as they travel through the fiber. The excited modes interfere constructively at the fiber output generating an ultrashort spatially focused pulse. The excitation of a limited number of modes following similar optical paths limits modal dispersion, allowing the transmission of the ultrashort pulse. We have experimentally demonstrated the delivery of a focused spot of pulse width equal to 500 fs through a 30 cm, 200 micrometer core step index multimode fiber. The results of this study show that two-photon imaging capability can be added to ultra-thin lensless endoscopy using commercial multimode fibers.